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Vyakarana
The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of is one of the six Vedanga disciplines. It has its roots in late Vedic India, and includes the famous work, (ca. 4th century BCE). The impetus for linguistic analysis and grammar in India originates in the need to be able to obtain a strict interpretation for the Vedic texts. The work of the very early Indian grammarians have been lost; for example, the work of Sakatayana (roughly 8th c. BCE) is known only from cryptic references by Yaska (ca. 6th-5th c. BCE) and Panini. One of the views of Sakatayana that was to prove controversial in coming centuries was that most nouns are etymologically derivable from verbs. In his monumental work on etymology, Nirukta, Yaska supported this claim based on the large number of nouns that were derived from verbs through a derivation process that became known as krit-pratyaya; this relates to the nature of the root morphemes. Yaska also provided the seeds for another debate, whether textual meaning inheres in the word (Yaska's view) or in the sentence (see Panini, and later grammarians such as Prabhakara or Bhartrihari). This debate continued into the 14th and 15th c. CE, and is relevant even today perhaps, with the debate on the Dynamic Turn in Semantics, which says that meaning in language is dynamically created and it may not be possible to compose the meaning from those of the words[1].
schoolA few centuries after Yaska, extensive analysis of the processes of phonology, morphology and syntax, the , laid down the basis for centuries of commentaries and expositions by following Sanskrit grammarians. approach was amazingly formal; his production rules for deriving complex structures and sentences represent modern finite state machines. Indeed many of the developments in Indian Mathematics, especially the place value notational system may have originated from analysis. Panini's grammar consists of four parts:
Commentators on Panini and some of their views:
Predecessors referred to in Ashtadhyayi include Sakatayana, and Gargya. Early Modern Indian linguists who revived Panini's school include Bhattoji Dikshita and Varadaraja. Preceding Eleven SchoolsPanini's Ashtadhyayi, which is said to have eclipsed all other contemporary schools of grammar, mentions the names of eleven schools of Sanskrit grammar that preceded it. These schools, most of which are now extinct are
Medieval AccountsThe earliest external historical accounts of Indian grammatical tradition is from Chinese Buddhist pilgrims to India from the 7th century [2]. The Indica of Al-Biruni (973-1048), dating to ca. 1030 contains detailed descriptions of all branches of Hindu science. Similar to the Chinese Buddhists, Tibetan Buddhism aroused interest in India among its followers. Taranatha (born 1573) in his treatise of the history of Buddhism in India (completed around 1608) speaks about Panini and provides some information about grammars, but not in the manner of a person familiar with their content. Gaudiya Vaishnava Sanskrit grammar is outlined by Jiva Goswami in his .[3] Modern Sanskrit grammarians
Beginning of Western scholarship
19th century
20th century to present
References
See also
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