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Official Seal of Rutgers University

'Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey' is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey. The university's primary campus is located in the cities of New Brunswick and Piscataway, with two smaller campuses in Newark and Camden. Rutgers offers more than 100 distinct bachelor, 100 master, and 80 doctoral and professional degree programs across 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.

Rutgers is the eighth-oldest institution of higher learning established in the United States, originally chartered as Queen's College in 1766. While originally a Dutch Reformed Church-affiliated institution, it is now a nonsectarian public university and makes no religious demands on its students. Along with the College of William and Mary, Rutgers is one of two colonial colleges which later became public universities and though invited because of its antiquity, did not join the Ivy League athletic conference.

Rutgers was designated the State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. The University of Newark merged with Rutgers in 1946, expanding the school to include the current campus in Newark. The College of South Jersey, which became the Camden campus, merged in 1950.

About Rutgers University

Winter at Old Queen's, the oldest building at Rutgers, built between 1808-1825.

Profile

http://www.aau.edu/aau/members.html Association of American Universities, AAU, Retrieved on 2006-08-06

Governance

http://www.state.nj.us/health/hset/chapter6.htm Commission on Health Science, Education and Training: Rutgers Targetted Assesment accessed 15 August 2006.

http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/governance/BOTmembers.shtml Rutgers: Members of the Board of Trustees accessed 15 August 2006.

http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/governance/BOGmembers.shtml Rutgers:Members of the Board of Governors accessed 15 August 2006.

http://ur.rutgers.edu/magazine/article/View%20from%20the%20Inside/38/ "A View from the Inside" (an interview with Dr. Richard P. McCormick) by Thomas J. Frusciano in Rutgers Magazine" (Winter 2006), accessed 16 August 2006.

'Camden Campus'

The Rutgers University library system consists of twenty-six libraries and centers located on the University's three campuses, housing a collection of over 10.5 million holdings, including 3,522,359 volumes, 4,517,726 microforms, 2,544,126 documents, and subscriptions to 42,875 periodicals and ranking among the nation's top research libraries.http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/about/overview.shtml Rutgers University Libraries: Library Facts & Figures accessed 8 August 2006. The American Library Association ranks the Rutgers University Library system as the forty-fourth largest library in the United States in terms of volumes held.http://www.ala.org/ala/alalibrary/libraryfactsheet/alalibraryfactsheet22.htm ALA:The Nation's Largest Libraries accessed 15 August 2006. The 'Archibald S. Alexander Library', in New Brunswick, houses the Special Collections and University Archives, and several million volumes focusing on an extensive humanities and social science collection. The 'Library of Science and Medicine' on the Busch Campus in Piscataway houses the University's collection in behavioral, biological, earth and pharmaceutical sciences and engineering. On the New Brunswick-Piscataway campus, In addition to Alexander Library, many individual disciplines have their own libraries, including alcohol studies, art history, Chemistry, East Asian studies, Mathematical studies, Music, and Physics. In Newark, the 'John Cotton Dana Library' (which also houses the Institute of Jazz Studies) and the 'Robeson Library' in Camden, serve their respective campuses with a broad collection of volumes.

The 'Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum', on the College Avenue Campus in New Brunswick, maintains a collection of over 50,000 works of art, focusing on Russian and Soviet art, French nineteenth-century art and American nineteenth- and twentieth-century art with a concentration on early-twentieth-century and contemporary prints.http://www.zimmerlimuseum.rutgers.edu/collections/ Zimmerli Art Museum: Collections accessed 8 August 2006.

The 'Rutgers University Geology Museum'—located in Geology Hall next to the Old Queens Building—features exhibits on geology and anthropology, with an emphasis on the natural history of New Jersey. The largest exhibits include a dinosaur trackway from Towaco, New Jersey; a mastodon from Salem County; and a Ptolomaic era Egyptian mummy.http://geology.rutgers.edu/museum.shtml Rutgers University Geology Museum accessed 8 August 2006.

The 'New Jersey Museum of Agriculture' is located on the campus of Cook College and houses an extensive collection of agricultural, scientific and household tools that spans 350 years of New Jersey's history. The bulk of the collection rests on the 8,000 item Wabun C. Krueger Collection of Agricultural, Household, and Scientific Artifacts, and over 30,000 glass negatives and historic photographs.http://agriculturemuseum.org/collections.html New Jersey Museum of Agriculture accessed 14 August 2006.

'Rutgers Gardens', located on the university's Cook campus, offers fifty acres (twenty hectares) of horticultural, display, and botanical gardens, as well as arboretums.

The Philosophy Department ranked first in 2002-2004 tied with New York University and Princeton University, and second in 2004-2006 behind NYU, in the Philosophical Gourmet's biennial report on undergraduate- and graduate-level Philosophy programs in the English-speaking world. http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com/ The Philosophical Gourmet Report accessed 15 August 2006.http://ur.rutgers.edu/focus/article/Philosophy%20department%20rated%20number%20one/1019/ "Philosophy Department rated number one" by Steve Manas, article from 18 November 2002, accessed 15 August 2006. Other programs that are well regarded, are Rutgers' Englishhttp://www.english.ucsb.edu/undergrad/aftermajor/gradrankings.asp UCSB website citing 2001 U.S. News & World Report Data, accessed 15 August 2006., Historyhttp://www.virginia.edu/insideuva/2005/07/rankings.html UVA website citing April 1, 2005 U.S. News & World Report data and rankings, accessed 15 August 2006., Mathematicshttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/humke/gradschool-rankings.html St. Olaf College webpage citing 1998 U.S. News & World Report data and rankings, accessed 15 August 2006., and Physics departmentshttp://www.physics.sunysb.edu/Physics/rankings.htm SUNY Stony Brook webpage citing Nov./Dec. 1998 issue of Science Watch and other data, accessed 15 August 2006..

In the 2006 U.S. News & World Report ranking of American national universities, Rutgers is ranked as the third best public university in the Northeast and the sixtieth best school in the United States.http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/natudoc/tier1/t1natudoc_brief.php America's Best Colleges 2006, U.S. News & World Report, accessed May 4, 2006 According to U.S. News & World Report, in the top 25 among all universities: Library Science (6th), Drama/Theater (12th), Mathematics (16th), English (18th), History (19th, with the subspecialty of African-American History ranked 4th and Women?s History ranked 1st), Applied Mathematics (21st) and Physics (24th).

Rutgers University was ranked forty-third globally and thirty-fifth nationally in a 2005 survey by Shanghai Jiao Tong University of the world's best universities.http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2005/ARWU2005_Top100.htm Top 500 World Universities. Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Accessed on 15 August 2006. This survey, is heralded by magazines such as The Economist as being the most objective review and ranking of institutions of higher education http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=4339960 ''The Economist'', The Brains Business accessed 15 August 2006. and compares universities by multiple numerical criteria, including faculty publications in peer-reviewed journals, the number of faculty and alumni with such honours as the Nobel Prizes, Fields Medal, and other awards.

History

Early history and conception

Jacob Hardenbergh and Theodorus Frelinghuysen's son John lived in this building, known as the "Old Dutch Parsonage," in Somerville, New Jersey.

Shortly after the creation of the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) in 1746, ministers of the Dutch Reformed Church sought to establish autonomy in ecclesiastical affairs. At that time, those who wanted to become ministers within the church had to travel to the Netherlands to be trained and ordained, and many of the affairs of churches in the American colonies were managed from Europe. Thus, the ministers sought to create a governing body known as a classis to give local autonomy to the church in the colonies, and offer opportunities for the education of ministers.http://www.dailytargum.com/media/storage/paper168/news/2002/11/08/News/And-Then.There.Was.Rutgers-318671.shtml?norewrite200608120133&sourcedomain=www.dailytargum.com And then there was Rutgers... in The Daily Targum 8 November 2002, accessed 12 August 2006.http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/scua/university_archives/ru_historical_sketch.shtml A Historical Sketch of Rutgers University by Thomas J. Frusciano, University Archivist, at Rutgers University Libraries website, accessed 12 August 2006.

Throughout the 1750s, Dutch ministers joined the effort to create a classis in the colonies, including Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen who travelled on horseback in winter of 1755 to several congregations throughout the northeast to rally ministers and congregations to the cause. Soon after, Frelinghuysen travelled to the Netherlands to appeal to the General Synod, the Dutch Reformed Church's governing council, for the creation of the classis. In 1761, the effort having failed, Frelinghuysen set sail for the colonies, but as his vessel approached New York City he mysteriously perished at sea.http://www.dailytargum.com/media/storage/paper168/news/2002/11/08/News/And-Then.There.Was.Rutgers-318671.shtml?norewrite200608120133&sourcedomain=www.dailytargum.com And then there was Rutgers... in The Daily Targum 8 November 2002, accessed 12 August 2006.http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/scua/university_archives/ru_historical_sketch.shtml A Historical Sketch of Rutgers University by Thomas J. Frusciano, University Archivist, at Rutgers University Libraries website, accessed 12 August 2006.

After Frelinghuysen's death, Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh (later Rutgers' first president) established himself as spokesperson for the cause, and a strong supporter of establishing a college in New Jersey. Hardenbergh travelled to Europe, renewing Frelinghuysen's efforts to gain the Synod's approval, but was also rejected. Much to the Synod's chagrin, however, Hardenburgh returned to the colonies with money for the establishment of a college.http://www.dailytargum.com/media/storage/paper168/news/2002/11/08/News/And-Then.There.Was.Rutgers-318671.shtml?norewrite200608120133&sourcedomain=www.dailytargum.com And then there was Rutgers... in The Daily Targum 8 November 2002, accessed 12 August 2006.http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/scua/university_archives/ru_historical_sketch.shtml A Historical Sketch of Rutgers University by Thomas J. Frusciano, University Archivist, at Rutgers University Libraries website, accessed 12 August 2006.

The original purpose of Queen's College was to "educate the youth in language, liberal, the divinity, and useful arts and sciences" and for the training of future ministers for the Dutch Reformed Church—though the university is now non-sectarian and makes no religious demands on its students.fact It admitted its first students in 1771—a single sophomore and a handful of first-year students taught by a lone instructor—and granted its first degree in 1774, to Matthew Leydt.fact Despite the religious nature of the college, it first held classes at a tavern called the Sign of the Red Lion, located on the corner of Albany and Neilson streets on what is today the grounds of the Johnson & Johnson corporate headquarters in New Brunswickhttp://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/bogart/r1.htm Rutgers College and the American Revolution, accessed July 12, 2006. When the Revolutionary War broke out and taverns were suspected by the British as being hotbeds of rebel activity, the college abandoned the tavern and held classes in private houses, in and near New Brunswick.fact

with the lyrics "Here's a toast to old Rutgers, loyal men/May she ne'er go down but to rise again."fact

Rutgers College became the land-grant college of New Jersey in 1864 under the Morrill Act of 1862, resulting in the establishment of the Rutgers Scientific School, featuring departments of agriculture, engineering, and chemistry.fact Further expansion in the sciences came with the founding of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station in 1880 and the division of the Rutgers Scientific School into the College of Engineering (now the School of Engineering) in 1914 and the College of Agriculture (now Cook College) in 1921.fact The precursors to several other Rutgers divisions were also established during this period: the College of Pharmacy (now the Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy) in 1892, the New Jersey College for Women (now Douglass College) in 1918, and the School of Education in 1924.fact Later, University College, founded to serve part-time, commuting students and Livingston College, emphasizing the urban experience, were created.fact

The first Summer Session began in 1913 with one six-week session. That summer program offered 47 courses and had an enrollment of 314 students. Currently, Summer Session offers over 1,000 courses to more than 15,000 students on the Camden, Newark, and New Brunswick/Piscataway campuses, off-campus, and abroad.fact

Rutgers College was renamed Rutgers University in 1924.

New Jersey's flagship university

Rutgers was designated the State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. http://lis.njleg.state.nj.us/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll?clientID=4049436&depth=2&expandheadings=off&headingswithhits=on&infobase=statutes.nfo&softpage=TOC_Frame_Pg42 N.J.S.A. 18A:65-1 et seq. (Public Law 1956, chapter 61) repealing and succeeding P.L. 1945, c.49, p.115. accessed 8 August 2006. Before the 1956 law went into effect, the Board of Trustees voted to divest itself of the Rutgers Preparatory School, which became fully independent in 1957 and relocated to a campus on on the Wells Estate (purchased from the Colgate-Palmolive Company) in nearby Somerset, New Jersey. Under the 1956 law, Rutgers was to be governed both by its

' consisting of eleven members: five members selected by the Board of Trustees, and six appointed by the Governor of New Jersey.

Since the 1950s, Rutgers has continued to expand, especially in the area of graduate education. The Graduate School-New Brunswick, and professional schools have been established in such areas as business, management, public policy, social work, applied and professional psychology, the fine arts, and communication, information and library studies. http://nbpweb.rutgers.edu/aboutnbp/grad-schools.shtml Graduate Schools, Rutgers University, Retrieved on 6 August 2006]] (A number of these schools offer undergraduate programs as well.)

In both 1947 and 1966, the College Avenue Gymnasium—built on the site of the first intercollegiate football game—hosted New Jersey's Constitutional Conventions.fact

A nationwide trend, caused mostly out of the civil rights and women's rights movements, caused many male-only colleges to alter their admissions policies to accept women and thus become coeducational.fact Rutgers, along with many of the older American institutions (including Princeton and Yale) became co-educational in the 1960s and 1970s. On September 10, 1970, after several years of debate and planning, the Board of Governors voted to admit women into the previously all-male Rutgers College.fact Today, Douglass College (originally the New Jersey College for Women) remains all-female, while the rest of the University is coeducational.fact

Presidents of Rutgers University

{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px #aaa solid; font-size: 95%;"

!! President !! Birth Year–Death Year !! Years as President

-
1	Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh	(1735–1790)	(1785–1790)
-
2	William Linn	(1752–1808)	(1791–1795)
-
3	Ira Condict	(1764–1811)	(1795–1810)
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4	John Henry Livingston	(1746–1825)	(1810–1825)
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5	Philip Milledoler	(1775–1852)	(1825–1840)
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6	Abraham Bruyn Hasbrouck	(1791–1879)	(1840–1850)
-
7	Theodore Frelinghuysen	(1787–1862)	(1750–1862)
-
8	William Henry Campbell	(1808–1890)	(1862–1882)
-
9	Merrill Edward Gates	(1848–1922)	(1882–1890)
-
10	Austin Scott	(1848–1922)	(1891–1906)
-
11	William Henry Steele Demarest	(1863–1956)	(1906–1924)
-
12	John Martin Thomas	(1869–1952)	(1925–1930)
-
13	Philip Milledoler Brett	(1871–1960)	(1930–1931)
-
14	Robert Clarkson Clothier	(1885–1970)	(1932–1951)
-
15	Lewis Webster Jones	(1899–1975)	(1951–1958)
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16	Mason Welch Gross	(1911–1977)	(1959–1971)
-
17	Edward J. Bloustein	(1925–1989)	(1971–1989)
-
18	Francis L. Lawrence	(b. 1937)	(1990–2002)
-
19	Richard Levis McCormick	(b. 1947)	(2002–present)
}

Student Life

Atmosphere

Sectstub

Housing

Sectstub

Student organizations

main|Rutgers University student organizations Sectstub

Greek life

main|Rutgers University Greek organizations Sectstub

Traditions and legacies

The Cannon War

A few intrepid Rutgers students painting the cannon on the Princeton University campus

Howard Fullerton, a member of the Order of the Bull's Blood, goes down in Rutgers history not only for penning the alma mater, but also for allegedly inspiring the theft of a cannon from the campus of Princeton University on April 25, 1875, an event—and the ensuing debate between the two university presidents—reported sensationally in nationwide newspapers. The cannon was believed to have belonged to Rutgers when used in battle during the American Revolution. Under the cover of night, a dozen Rutgers students, stole the cannon from its place at Princeton, and brought it back by wagon to New Brunswick before the following dawn. In retaliation, Princeton students raided the Rutgers Armory and stole a few muskets. Reputedly—though this may have been baseless rhetoric originating from the heated debate after the theft—the Rutgers students are accused of having stolen the wrong cannon. Eventually the committee appointed by the two colleges recommended the return of the stolen items to their owners.http://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/Hist07-Cannon.htm Princeton-Rutgers Cannon War at Orange Key Virtual Tour (Princeton University) accessed 12 August 2006.http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/cannons_princeton.html Cannons, Princeton. adapted from Leitch, A Princeton Companion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978).http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/timeline/ Rutgers: Through the Years (timeline) accessed 12 August 2006. When the cannon was returned, Princeton University officials ordered it buried in the ground, encased in cement, with only a few feet of the butt end exposed above ground.http://tigernet.princeton.edu/~ptoniana/legend.pdf Some Legends & Lore of Princeton University: Historical Sketches accessed 12 August 2006.

To this day, intrepid Rutgers students journey the 16 miles to Princeton University to place their declaration of ownership of the cannon by painting the cannon scarlet red. . Unfortunately, like the students who stole the cannon in 1875, they usually paint the wrong cannon, as there are two on Cannon Green behind Nassau Hall at Princeton.http://www.princeton.edu/~oktour/virtualtour/Hist07-Cannon.htm Princeton-Rutgers Cannon War at Orange Key Virtual Tour (Princeton University) accessed 12 August 2006.http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/cannons_princeton.html Cannons, Princeton. adapted from Leitch, A Princeton Companion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978). Today, a cannon is placed in the ground before Old Queens at Rutgers, by the class of 1877, memorializing both this event and several alumni in the armed services who were killed in action.

Statue of Prince William the Silent on the Voorhees Mall

Around Campus

Fenton B. Turck, a New York physician and biologist, with the assistance of railroad magnate, and longtime Rutgers trustee Leonor F. Loree (RC 1877), anonymously donated a statute of Prince William the Silent (1533-1584) of the House of Nassau and later Prince of Orange, who was the leader of the Dutch rebellion against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648. Turck, of Dutch extraction, intended to give the statue to the University to signify the institution's Dutch roots. He kept the statute in the basement of his laboratory in Manhattan for eight years before it was unveiled on the present Voorhees Mall on 9 June 1928.http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/scua/university_archives/historic_ru_paths.shtml Paths to Historic Rutgers: A Self-Guided Tour accessed 9 August 2006. Allegedly, the statute is said to whistle when a virgin passes by. So far, Prince William has remained silent.

This statute is a rough replica of a

similar monument

that stands in The Hague.

Commencement

At Commencement exercises in the Spring, tradition leads undergraduates to break clay pipes over the Cannon monument in front of Old Queens, symbolizing the breaking of ties with the college, and leaving behind the good times of one's undergraduate years. This symbolic gesture dates back to when pipe-smoking was fashionable among undergraduates, and many college memories were of evenings of pipe smoking and revelry with friends.

Alma Mater

The

, written by Howard Fullerton (Class of 1874) in 1873.http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/timeline/1800.htm Rutgers: Through the Years (time line) accessed 12 August 2006. It is often sung at University occasions, especially at the conclusion of athletic events. The lyrics to the song are as follows:http://nbpweb.rutgers.edu/songs/onthebanks.shtml On the Banks of the Old Raritan accessed 12 August 2006.

: I. : My father sent me to old Rutgers, : And resolv'd that I should be a man; : And so I settled down, : in that noisy college town, : On the banks of the old Raritan.

: (Chorus) : On the banks of the old Raritan, my boys, : where old Rutgers ever more shall stand, : For has she not stood since the time of the flood, : On the banks of the old Raritan.

: II. : Then sing aloud to Alma Mater, : And keep the scarlet in the van; : For with her motto high, : Rutgers' name shall never die, : On the banks of the old Raritan. : (Chorus)

: *'N.B.': The phrase "my boys" in the first line of the chorus was changed in 1990 to "my friends" in light of Rutgers being coeducational since 1970.

Rutgers University is often referred to as The Birthplace of College Football. Rutgers and Princeton played the first intercollegiate football match on November 6, 1869, on a plot of ground where the present-day Rutgers gymnasium now stands. Rutgers won the game, with a score of 6 runs to Princeton's 4.

However, "football" at the time was a name given to variety of games, and the rules of the game played by Rutgers in 1869 resembled soccer much more than modern American football. Scores were computed in runs (roughly equivalent to goals). Instead of wearing uniforms, the players stripped off their hats, coats, and vests and bound their suspenders around the waistbands of their trousers. For headgear, the Rutgers team wound their scarlet scarves into turbans atop their heads. During the 1870s, games resembling rugby became popular at other American colleges, and Rutgers eventually adopted similar rules. These games ultimately developed into modern American football. (See the article History of American football, for further information.) Rutgers, which declined an invitation to join the Ivy League in the 1950s, maintains athletic rivalries with Princeton and Columbia in all intercollegiate sports but has not met either school in football since 1980.

The first intercollegiate competition in Ultimate Frisbee (now called simply "Ultimate") was held between students from Rutgers and Princeton on November 6, 1972—the one hundred third anniversary of the first intercollegiate football game. Rutgers won 29-27 cite web | url=http://failuremag.com/arch_sports_ultimate_frisbee.html | title=Discography | publisher= Failure Magazine | accessdate=2006-08-04 ..

Today

Today, Rutgers is a member of the Big East Conference, (in football since 1991, all other sports since 1995) a collegiate athletic conference consisting of 16 colleges and universities from the East Coast and Midwestern regions of the United States. The Big East is a member of the Bowl Championship Series. Rutgers currently fields 27 intercollegiate sports programs and is a Division I-A school as sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Since joining the Big East, the Scarlet Knights have won two conference tournament titles: men's soccer (1997) and baseball (2000). Several other teams have won regular season titles but failed to win the conference's championship tournament. cite web | url=http://www.bigeast.org/ot/bige-records.html|title=Big East Championship Records|publisher=Big East Athletic Conference|accessdate=2006-08-08 The Rutgers-Newark and Rutgers-Camden campuses compete within NCAA Division III.

Today, Rutgers University fields twenty-seven teams in NCAA Division I-A sanctioned sports, including Football, Baseball, Basketball, Crew, Cross Country, Fencing, Field Hockey, Golf, Gymnastics, Lacrosse, Soccer, Softball, Tennis, Track and Field, Swimming & Diving, Wrestling, Volleyball.

In 2005, Rutgers accepted a bowl bid to play Arizona State University in the Insight Bowl in Phoenix, Arizona. The Scarlet Knights lost to the ASU Sun Devils with a score of 45 to 40. The only other bowl appearance for the Scarlet Knights was in 1978 at the the now defunct Garden State Bowl, held at Giants Stadium, also against Arizona State.

Venues

New Brunswick/Piscataway

On the sidelines at the Rutgers vs. University of New Hampshire game played on 11 September 2004 at Rutgers Stadium. Rutgers' Scarlet Knights lost to the UNH Wildcats, 35-24.

Rutgers University fields 27 sports teams from their New Brunswick-Piscataway Campus for NCAA Division I-A competition. Most of the university's 14 athletic venues and facilities are currently located in Piscataway on the Busch and Livingston campuses, with two facilities in New Brunswick (the 'College Avenue Gymnasium' and the 'Class of 1914 Boathouse').

One hundred and twenty-five years after Rutgers and Princeton first inaugurated the tradition of American football, 'Rutgers Stadium', a 42,000 seat facility, was opened during the 1994 football season. The field at Rutgers Stadium is large enough to host national and international soccer matches. http://www.scarletknights.com/facilities/facilities-stadium.htm www.scarletknights.com: Rutgers Stadium accessed 13 August 2006.

The 'Louis Brown Athletic Center' familiarly known as the 'RAC' (for its original name of Rutgers Athletic Center) is home to the Rutgers men?s and women?s basketball programs and has a capacity of 8,000 seats.http://www.scarletknights.com/facilities/facilities-rac.htm www.scarletknights.com: RAC accessed 13 August 2006.

Soccer and Lacrosse is played at 'Yurcak Field,' which accomodates over 5,000 fans. Built in 1994, this site, recognized as one of the premiere venues for these two sports in the United States, was named in honor of Rutgers alumnus Ronald N. Yurcak, a 1965 All-American Lacrosse player. http://www.scarletknights.com/facilities/facilities-yurcak.htm www.scarletknights.com: Yurcak Field accessed 13 August 2006.

Rutgers also operates an 18-hole 6,000-yard, par 71 golf course, designed by Hal Purdy and awarded four stars in 2004 by Golf Magazine and ranked by Golf Digest as "Best Place to Play" http://www.dailytargum.com/media/storage/paper168/news/2006/04/14/University/Golf-Course.Grows.Over.Time-1851834.shtml Golf Course Grows Over Time from The Daily Targum' 14 April 2006, accessed 13 August 2006.

Built in 1977, the 'Golden Dome Athletic Center' is the hub of Rutgers-Newark athletics, seating 2,000. Soccer and softball games are held on 'Alumni Field,' while the Rutgers-Newark baseball team plays at Riverfront Stadium, a 6,200-seat ballpark that is home to the Newark Bears, a minor-league professional baseball franchise.

Several of these parties organized a group known as "Rutgers 1000" http://members.aol.com/rutg1000/ in 1993 to raise these issues through protest and publication. Spearheaded by William C. Dowling, a professor of English at Rutgers, these efforts gained national attention with the publication of an opinion in a 2003 issue of Sports Illustrated in which Dowling lamented the "booster subculture" that comes with this level of academic competition in which boosters "care nothing about students at their universities who are brilliant at Greek or philosophy or physics. They invariably go into ecstasies, though, when some low-SAT recruit is enticed to their campus to perform on a team." http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~wcd/boikess.htm A Reply to My Critics first published in The Daily Targum 22 September 2003, accessed 13 August 2006. However, despite the demise of this group in 2003, the sentiment and criticism still continues.

• Demarest, William Henry Steele. History of Rutgers College: 1776-1924. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers College, 1924).
• History of Rutgers College: or an account of the union of Rutgers College, and the Theological Seminary of the General Synod of the Reformed Dutch Church. Prepared and published at the request of several trustees of the College, by a trustee. (New York: Anderson & Smith, 1833).
• McCormick, Richard P. Rutgers: a Bicentennial History. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1966).
• Schmidt, George P. Princeton and Rutgers: The Two Colonial Colleges of New Jersey. (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1964).

'Athletics'