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Rochester, New York
Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York State, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. The Rochester metropolitan area is the second largest economy in New York State, behind the New York City metropolitan area.[1] Known as The World's Image Centre,[2] it was also once known as The Flour City, and more recently as The Flower City. It is the county seat for Monroe County. Rochester's population is approximately 207,000, making it New York's third largest city. It is at the center of a larger Metropolitan Area which encompasses and extends past Monroe County and includes Genesee County, Livingston County, Ontario County, Orleans County and Wayne County. This area, which is part of the Western New York region, had a population of 1,037,831 people in the 2000 Census. As of July 1, 2005, this population rose slightly to 1,039,028. Rochester was ranked #6 among 379 U.S. Metro areas in the 25th edition of the Places Rated Almanac for Most Livable Cities.[3] In 2007, Rochester was ranked as the top city in the country by Expansion Management Magazine for quality of life. Expansion Management rated the region's public schools sixth best nationwide among metropolitan areas of a million people or more.[4] The current Mayor of Rochester is Robert Duffy, who was the city's Police Chief before being elected mayor. Founding and early history
An aerial view of downtown Rochester from 1938 On November 8, 1803, a 100 acre (ca. 40 ha) tract in Western New York along the Genesee River was purchased by Colonel Nathaniel Rochester, Major Charles Carroll, and Colonel William Fitzhugh, all of Hagerstown, Maryland. The site was chosen because of three cataracts on the Genesee, offering great potential for water power. Beginning in 1811, and with a population of 15, the three founders surveyed the land and laid out streets and tracts. In 1817, the Brown brothers and other landowners joined their lands with the Hundred Acre Tract to form the village of Rochesterville. 
Aqueduct of the Erie Canal as it was built in 1842, replacing the original construction from 1823. In the 1920s, the Broad Street Bridge was erected on top of it. Rochester was first known as "The Young Lion of the West", and then as the "Flour City". By 1838, Rochester was the largest flour-producing city in the United States. Having doubled its population in only ten years, Rochester became America's first "boomtown." In 1847, Frederick Douglass founded the abolitonist newspaper The North Star in Rochester. Douglass, a former slave and an antislavery speaker and writer, gained a circulation of over 4,000 readers in the United States, Europe and the Caribbean. The North Star served as a forum for abolitionist views. In the early 20th century, Rochester became a center of the garment industry, particularly men's fashions. It was home of enterprises such as Bond Clothing Stores, Fashion Park Clothes, Hickey-Freeman, and Stein-Bloch & Co.. It was home to the pioneer automobile company Cunningham, produced by carriage maker James Cunningham and Sons.[5] The population reached 62,386 in 1870, 162,608 in 1900, and 295,750 in 1920. By 1950, population had reached a high of 332,488. It declined to 219,773 by 2000. Geography and climate
High Falls during the summer According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (3.42%) is water. Rochester's geography comes from the ice sheets during the Pleistocene epoch. The retreating ice sheets reached a standstill at what is now the southern border of the city, melting at the same rate as they were advancing, depositing sediment along the southern edge of the ice mass. This created a line of hills, including (from west to east) Mt. Hope, the hills of Highland Park, Pinnacle Hill, and Cobb's Hill. Because the sediment of these hills was deposited into a proglacial lake they are stratified and classified as a "kame delta." A brief retreat and readvance of the ice sheet onto the delta piled unstratified (moraine) material there, creating a rare hybrid structure called a "kame moraine." The ice sheets also left behind Lake Ontario (one of the five fresh-water Great Lakes), the Genesee River with its waterfalls and gorges, Irondequoit Bay, Sodus Bay, Braddock's Bay, Mendon Ponds, numerous local streams and ponds, the Ridge, and the nearby Finger Lakes. According to the City of Rochester, the city has of public streets, of water mains, 44 vehicular and eight pedestrian bridges, 11 public libraries, two police stations (one for the east side, one for the west), and 16 fire stations. The principal source of water is Hemlock Lake, which, with its watershed, is owned by the city. Other water sources are Canadice Lake and Lake Ontario. The 30-year annual average snowfall is , making Rochester the snowiest large city in the U.S.[6] The mean July temperature is , and the mean February temperature is . Rochester lies in the Humid continental climate zone, and has four distinct seasons, with often cold and snowy winters. Autumn features brilliant foliage colors, and summer sees comfortable temperatures that usually stay in the low to mid 80s (upper 20s Celsius). Precipitation is plentiful year round. DemographicsIn the census of 2000, there were 219,773 people, 88,999 households, and 47,169 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,132.9 people per square mile (2,368.3/km˛). There were 99,789 housing units at an average density of 2,784.7/sq mi (1,075.3/km˛). The racial makeup was 48.30% White, 38.55% African American, 0.47% Native American, 2.25% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 6.58% from other races, and 3.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.75% of the population. Ancestries include: German (10.9%), Italian (10.0%), Irish (9.6%), English (5.8%), and Polish (2.7%). http://www.city-data.com/city/Rochester-New-York.html Rochester has the largest per capita deaf population in the United States.[7] Rochester is home to internationally recognized programs for the deaf at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (part of the Rochester Institute of Technology) and at the University of Rochester. There were 88,999 households of which 30.0% had children under 18 living with them, 25.1% were married couples living together, 23.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2% had someone living alone 65 or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 3.19. The city population was 28.1% under 18, 11.6% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 or older. The median age was 31. For every 100 females there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 87.3 males. The median income for a city household was $27,123, and the median family income was $31,257. Males had a median income of $30,521, versus $25,139 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,588. About 23.4% of families and 25.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.5% of those under age 18 and 15.4% of those age 65 or over.
EconomyThe Rochester area is home to a number of international businesses, including Fortune 1000 companies Eastman Kodak, Constellation Brands, and Paychex, as well as several national and regional companies. Xerox Corporation was founded in Rochester in 1906 as The Haloid Company[9], and retains a significant presence in Rochester, although its headquarters are now located in Norwalk, Connecticut. The Gannett newspaper company and Western Union were both founded in the Rochester area by Frank Gannett and Hiram Sibley respectively. Because of the high prevalence of imaging and optical science among the industry and the universities, Rochester is known as the world capital of imaging. The Institute of Optics of the University of Rochester is ranked number one in the country, and the Rochester Institute of Technology has one of the best imaging science departments in the country. In 2006, the University of Rochester became the largest employer in the Rochester area, surpassing Kodak.[10] Food and beverageOne food product that Rochester calls its own is the "white hot," a variant of the hot dog made by the local Zweigle's company. Another local specialty is the "garbage plate," first served at Nick Tahou Hots. Rochester was home to French's Mustard, whose address was 1 Mustard Street.Rochester is also home to Wet Planet Beverages, producer of Jolt Cola and other beverages. High Falls Brewing Company, maker of the Genesee beers and JW Dundee's brand (Honey Brown) also calls Rochester home. Arbor Mist wines are produced in nearby Canandaigua, NY by owner Constellation Brands. National frozen food manufacturer Birds Eye is headquartered in suburban Rochester. Heluva Good Cheeses and Seneca Foods are in nearby Wayne County. The Ragú brand of pasta sauce was originally produced in Rochester, and the Francesco Rinaldi pasta sauce is manufactured in Rochester. Barilla has a food manufacturing plant in nearby Livingston County, in the Village of Avon. Other local franchises include: Bill Gray's (a hamburger/hot dog joint that lays claim to having "The World's Greatest Cheeseburger"), Country Sweet (known for their chicken wings and BBQ sauce), Boss Sauce, described as a "tantalizing sweet, spicy-hot gourmet after-sauce," was born from the restaurant Eddie's Chicken Coop, Tom Wahl's, Dibella's, Great Northern Pizza Kitchen, Zebb's, Don's Original, and Abbott's Frozen Custard. Dinosaur Bar-b-que, which originated in Syracuse, also operates their second franchise downtown in the former Lehigh Valley Railroad station on the Genesee River. The Rochester area is the birthplace of the Wegmans Grocery store chain, which has locations throughout the Northeast and Northern Virginia. In 2005, Wegmans was ranked the best company in America to work for by Fortune Magazine; it has been ranked the best grocery store in America by Consumer Reports and Food Network. Major shopping centers
Tallest StructuresAs of February, 2008 the top ten tallest buildings in the city are: [11]
According to the April 4, 2008, issue of The Democrat and Chronicle, Paetec Holding Corporation's CEO Arunas Chesonis stated that the new tower to be built as the company's headquarters will rise slightly taller than the Xerox Tower. There has not been a confirmed height. The tower, according to Chesonis, should feature a public observation at the top and other public areas and condominiums.[12] Top private employersAs of 2006, the top private employers in Greater Rochester are:[13]
Companies
The Bausch and Lomb Tower and the Xerox Tower in downtown Rochester 
Wegmans Food Markets are headquartered in Rochester Several companies have corporate headquarters in the Greater Rochester area.
Locally founded corporations that have since moved their headquarters to other locations include French's, Gannett, Western Union, Champion and Xerox. Many other large companies have a significant presence in Rochester.
GovernmentRochester is governed by a mayor and city council consisting of 4 district members and 5 at-large members. Neighborhood Empowerment TeamEnforcement of property code violations in Rochester is currently handled by the Neighborhood Empowerment Team, or NET. Rather than utilizing a centralized code enforcement office as most cities do, each neighborhood in Rochester is assigned its own NET office, leading to considerable discrepancies in the manner and severity of enforcement. On July 16th, 2008, it was announced that two of the NET offices would be closed, and another one relocated, due to the high cost and low value of operating the decentralized network.[14] Cityscape
Map of the city and surrounding geography Principal suburbsPrincipal suburbs of the city include Brighton, Chili, East Rochester, Fairport, Gates, Greece, Henrietta, Irondequoit, Penfield, Pittsford, Spencerport, Brockport, Victor, and Webster. NeighborhoodsRochester has a number of neighborhoods, as well as popular communities in the inner ring suburbs, Brighton, Irondequoit and Greece. Dewey, Barnard, Browncroft, Mt. Read, Maplewood, Edgerton, Lyell, Otis, Dutchtown, 19th Ward, Southwest, Corn Hill, Cascade District, High Falls District, Grove Place, East End, South Wedge, Marketview Heights, Swillburg, Upper Monroe, Park Avenue, Beechwood, 14621 Community, German Village, University-Atlantic, Charlotte and Cobbs Hill are all primary neighborhoods. Park AvenueThe area around Park Avenue in southeast Rochester is considered the Greenwich Village of Rochester. It is a popular area, especially for students and young people. Lining the streets are cafes, shops, pubs and restaurants. In a broader view, the total area surrounding University Avenue is one of the most culture and art-rich sections of the city. Located here are the Village Gate, Memorial Art Gallery, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester Public Market, ArtWalk, George Eastman House and high-end residential streets such as Granger Drive, East Boulevard, Douglas Road, and Berkeley Street. East EndThe East End is a residential neighborhood in Downtown Rochester but also the main nightlife district. The Eastman Theater and the Eastman School of Music are in the East End, along with the Little Theatre, an independent film theatre and many clubs, bars and high-end restaurants. South WedgeThe South Wedge neighborhood dates back to 1827, prior to the incorporation of Rochester Village.[15]. The area is bordered by Marshall and Main streets in the north, Goodman St. and the town of Brighton on its east and south sides, and St. Paul St. on the west. This economically distressed neighborhood is one of the neighborhoods in Rochester currently undergoing the process of gentrification, partially due to a recent increase in homeownership in the area.[16] SwillburgThis pie-shaped piece of the city is bordered by S. Clinton, Field St, and 490. [17] The neighborhood received its moniker when a 19th century Rochester pig farmer utilized the area to collect swill for his swine. The neighborhood association humorously honors its roots by using street signs featuring the Swillburg Pig.[18] The area has one of the highest rates of homeownership in the city and is currently undergoing gentrification as well. Corn HillThe Corn Hill neighborhood near downtown is one of the nation's best preserved Victorian neighborhoods and a center for art. It is undergoing renovation and construction for residential buildings along the Genesee River, and the Corn Hill Art Festival is one of the city's most popular gatherings for art display. CharlotteCharlotte (shar-LOT) is a lake front community in Rochester bordering Lake Ontario. It is home to Ontario Beach Park, commonly known as Charlotte Beach, which is a popular summer destination for Rochesterians. MaplewoodMaplewood is a northwest neighborhood located south of Kodak Park and between the Genesee River and Dewey Avenue. Much of the area's charm comes from the use of parkways as well as parks and greenspace bordering the river. These features are the result of plans designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. The Maplewood Rose Garden is the second largest Rose Test Garden in the United States. BrowncroftThe Browncroft neighborhood is a hidden gem. Built on the former nursery grounds of the Elwanger and Barry nursery, these homes are grand and well preserved. The business district situated on Winton Rd has an eclectic mix of restaurants and shops. Homes found on Dorchester, Gramercy Park, Corwin, and Windemere have beautiful architecture. Colleges and UniversitiesEducation is one of Rochester's primary economic areas. The city and its suburbs are home to a number of colleges and universities:
Together with Alfred University, SUNY Alfred, Empire State College, Finger Lakes Community College, SUNY Geneseo, and Hobart and William Smith Colleges, each within an hour of Rochester, these institutions comprise the Rochester Area Colleges consortium. University of Rochester
River Campus of the University of Rochester The University of Rochester's Laboratory For Laser Energetics (LLE) is home to the highest power laser in the world, the OMEGA EP laser.[23] The university is also home to the Eastman School of Music, which in 2004 was ranked the number one music school in America.[24] Rochester Institute of TechnologyThe Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) was founded in 1829 and is the tenth largest private university in the country in terms of full-time students. It is internationally known for its science, computer, engineering, and art programs, as well as for the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, a leading deaf-education institution. RIT is among the top colleges and universities in the nation for programs in the fine arts, placing in the top 10 for many of the college's programs, including Photography (3rd), Glass art (2nd), Industrial design (8th) and others.[25] Monroe Community CollegeMonroe Community College, the largest college in Upstate New York, has had the top ranking community college athletic program two years in a row and was rated as the tenth best associates degree producing two year college by Community College Week.[26] MCC has four campuses: the Damon City Campus, the main Brighton Campus which houses the Mercer Gallery, the Applied Technologies Center, and the Public Safety Training Facility.[27] Roberts Wesleyan CollegeRoberts Wesleyan was ranked the third-best value private college in the U.S. by the Princeton Review in 2007—the only school in New York State ranked in the top 10. It is also Rochester's only college affiliated with the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities. Culture and recreationRochester is home to a large number of cultural institutions considering its population. These include the world-renowned Garth Fagan Dance, the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, Memorial Art Gallery, Rochester Contemporary Art Center, Rochester Museum & Science Center, Strong - National Museum of Play, the A|V Room, the Strasenburgh Planetarium, and numerous arts organizations. Rochester's Geva Theatre Center is the city's largest professional theatre. 
The Little Theatre on East Avenue NightlifeRochester has several districts containing bars and nightspots but the primary area is the East End District in the southeast part of downtown. Restaurants, bistros, and nightclubs can also be found in the St. Paul Quarter, Monroe Avenue (and Upper Monroe), as well as Park Avenue. The South Wedge neighborhood boasts a wine bar, a British-style pub, an Irish pub, a honky-tonk cajun bar-b-que joint and numerous other restaurants and bars. Park landsThe city's Victorian era Mt. Hope Cemetery includes the final resting place of Susan B. Anthony, Frederick Douglass, and George Baldwin Selden. Other scenic cemeteries are Holy Sepulchre and its neighbor the Riverside Cemetery. Rochester is also known for its parks, including the Highland Park, Cobb's Hill Park, Durand-Eastman Park, Genesee Valley Park, Maplewood Park, Edgerton Park, Seneca Park and Ontario Beach Park. 
Lamberton Conservatory from 1911 in the Highland Park The city has 13 full-time recreation centers, 19 swimming programs, 3 artificial ice rinks, 66 softball/baseball fields, 47 tennis courts, 5 football fields, 7 soccer fields, and 43 outdoor basketball courts. As a legacy of its time as "The Flower City", Rochester hosts a Lilac Festival for ten days every May, when nearly 400 varieties of lilacs bloom, and 100,000 visitors arrive. Mumford, a hamlet in the town of Wheatland southwest of Rochester, is home to the Genesee Country Village and Museum, a combination of a model village, where examples of local architecture are preserved; sporting art and carriage museums; a nature center; and model gardens. To Rochester's south is the scenic Letchworth State Park, the so-called "Grand Canyon of the East", with its river gorge and waterfalls. Also to the south and southeast is the glacially-formed Finger Lakes Region, with its numerous lakes and waterfalls. Festivals
The Lilac Festival During the summer, and especially on the Fourth of July, downtown after dark is lit with fireworks and a laser show at the High Falls venue. VernacularIn the Greater Rochester Area, hotdogs can be called "red hots" or "white hots" to distinguish the common (red) hotdog from its local white hotdog variant which includes veal and powdered milk in its ingredients. A banquet facility is known as a "party-house". The nearby town of Chili is pronounced with long "i"s: "CHY-lye" []. The neighborhood of Charlotte is pronounced with the accent on the second syllable: "shar-LOT" []. The suburbs of Riga and Lima, are pronounced "RYE-ga" [] and "LIE-ma" []. The suburb of Bergen is pronounced "BER-jin" []. AccentA "Rochester accent" can be described as a form of Inland Northern American English, like a Chicago or Detroit accent. It has been described as nasal, recognized by the vocalization of the short "a" (ć) sound: "and" is closer to "i-uhnd" []. It is often described as including the pronunciation of the city itself as "Rach'str" []. MediaRochester has one daily newspaper, the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle; there are also free weekly publications such as "City" newspaper and the "Freetime" entertainment magazine. Rochester has seven broadcast television stations:
Rochester also has several radio stations, both AM and FM including: WXXI (Public Radio) WCMF (Rock and Roll) WDKX (Urban Contemporary Radio) WHAM (News and Talk Radio) Rochester's cable television provider is Time Warner Cable, which provides R News, a 24-hour local news channel. Points of interest
The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, the World's oldest photography museum 
The Eastman Theatre 
Strasenburgh Planetarium, Rochester Museum & Science Center
SportsRochester was named the top minor league sports market in the country by Street & Smith's Sports Business Journal in July 2005; the number 10 "best golf city" in America by Golf Magazine in 2007[28]; and the fifth-best "sports town" in the country by Scarborough Research in September 2008[29]. Professional sportsAlthough Rochester is home territory of the Buffalo Bills and the Buffalo Sabres, and the Sabres are further tied to Rochester through their owner, Rochester billionaire Tom Golisano, Rochester has eight professional sports teams of its own:[30]
Among cities in North America with at least seven current professional teams, Rochester is the only one whose teams all have cumulative winning regular season records.[31] The Rochester Red Wings baseball club, the AAA affiliate of the Minnesota Twins, play in the International League. The Rochester Americans ice hockey team, the AHL affiliate for the NHL Florida Panthers, are known as the "Amerks". The Rochester Rhinos soccer club play in the USL First Division, which is the second-highest level American soccer league. 
Frontier Field, including the Rochester skyline to the southeast. There are two top tier professional lacrosse teams in Rochester. Rochester Knighthawks play box lacrosse in the National Lacrosse League during winter and spring. In summer, the Rochester Rattlers play field lacrosse in the Major League Lacrosse organization. Also during the summer months, the Rochester Greywolves play box lacrosse in the CanAm Lacrosse League. The team was brought back to life after a 2 decade hiatus and is comprised almost entirely of local talent. Both the Knighthawks and Rattlers play at the highest level of professional lacrosse, the Greywolves play at second-highest level of box in America. The newest local professional sports teams are Rochester Razorsharks (of the Premier Basketball League) and Rochester Raiders (American Indoor Football Association); both have been dominant in their initial seasons.Rochester is home to the Empire State Roar, a semi-pro team in the league known as the Women's Professional Football League, and the Rochester Rhinos women's team of the W-League, an advanced amateur tier of the United Soccer Leagues. Professional golf regularly comes to Rochester. The PGA Championship and the US Open have been held at Oak Hill Country Club, as was the 1995 Ryder Cup. The Xerox Classic Tournament on the Nationwide Tour comes every August. The Wegmans LPGA tournament is yearly in June at Locust Hill Country Club. USA Cycling has an annual tour stop in Rochester; the Rochester Omnium is newly expanded to a three-day professional cycling event featuring the Rochester Twilight Criterium. The city also has two independent pro-wrestling leagues: Next Era Wrestling and NWA Upstate. While Rochester currently has no teams at the top level of the major American sports, the city does host training camp for the NFL's Buffalo Bills each summer since 2000 at St. John Fisher College in the suburban of Pittsford. The absence of a major pro sports team has not always been the case. From 1920–1925, Rochester was home to the Rochester Jeffersons, a charter member of the National Football League. From 1948–1957, the Rochester Royals played in the National Basketball Association, winning the NBA championship in 1951. In soccer, the Rochester Lancers played from 1970–1980 in the top-level North American Soccer League. Since 1877, 29 teams in eight professional sports have represented Rochester, according to The Rochester Sports Project by local sports historian Douglas Brei. In spring 2006, Brei showed that Rochester's professional sports teams were collectively approaching 25,000 games played. That game was played on June 16, 2006, when Red Wings hosted the Indianapolis Indians at Frontier Field. He also reports that only six active franchises in the history of North American professional sports have played in the same city and same league continuously and uninterrupted since the 1800s: Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Cardinals, and Rochester Red Wings. College sportsAlmost all area college sports are played at the NCAA Division III level. An exception is the RIT men's ice hockey team, which moved up to the Division I level in 2005. Hobart College, an hour away from Rochester in Geneva, has a Division I men's lacrosse team. Among junior colleges, MCC is dominant in NJCAA Division II sports. Club SportsRochester is home to two men's rugby teams, the Rochester Aardvarks and the Rochester Colonials:http://www.rochestercolonials.org. Both have long histories, with the Aardvarks celebrating their 40th anniversary in 2006, and the Colonials celebrating 25 years in 2005. The Aardvarks are one of the few rugby teams in the country to own its own pitch: Aardvark Park in Henrietta, New York. The Aardvarks and the Colonials both have hosted local and state-wide tournaments and the Colonials hosted the 2007 USA Rugby National Collegiate All-Star Championships. Both teams thrive on local college and university players. The Rochester Bicycling Club http://www.rochesterbicyclingclub.org/ is a social and fitness bicycling club. Transportation
Barges on the Genesee River Maritime transportThere is marine freight service at the Port of Rochester on Lake Ontario, which is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence Seaway. A short-lived, high-speed passenger/vehicle ferry Spirit of Ontario I, nicknamed The Breeze, linked Rochester to Toronto, Ontario across Lake Ontario. It operated between June 17, 2004, and December 12, 2005, and cost the city $42.5 million. It was sold to Forde Reederei Seetouristik, a German company, for $30 million. Air transportRochester is served by the Greater Rochester International Airport. Daily scheduled air service is provided by Air Canada / Air Georgian, AirTran Airways, American, Continental, Delta, JetBlue, Northwest, United, and US Airways. Mass transitAmtrak (passenger) and freight lines provide rail service to Rochester. Rochester has intercity and transcontinental bus service via Greyhound and Trailways. Local bus service in Rochester and its county suburbs is provided by the Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority (RGRTA) via its Regional Transit Service (RTS) subsidiary. RTS also provides suburban service outside the immediate Rochester area and runs smaller transportation systems in outlying counties, such as WATS (Wayne Area Transportation System). From 1927 to 1957, Rochester had a light rail underground transit system called the Rochester Subway. It was the smallest city in the world to have one. There are proposals to put in a new system, possibly using some of the old tunnels. One includes converting the Broad Street bridge tunnel—the former canal aqueduct—into an underground pedestrian walkway, which would also include a Rochester Transportation Museum, and a tram system. 
The Broad Street Aqueduct was used as a subway tunnel The former canal and subway tunnels have become a source of controversy. Many city homeless use the tunnels for shelter, and a few areas near tunnel entrances have gained the reputation as being dangerous. The city has considered multiple solutions for the space including recreating a canal way, putting the subway system back in or filling the tunnels entirely. The plan to fill the tunnels in has generated criticism as the cost of filling would be comparable to restoring the subway. The Broad Street bridge over the Genesee that the subway used still retains the lower track level. 
Main Street looking east Major Highways and Roads that serve the Greater Rochester AreaThere are three exits off the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) that serve Rochester. Rochester has an extensive freeway (expressway) system which connects all parts of the city and the city with the Thruway. During the Thruway's construction, a disagreement between the governor of New York and mayor of Rochester resulted in a bypass of downtown Rochester, leaving the city struggling for growth. Rochester's expressway system, conceived in the 1950s, was designed as two concentric circles with feeder expressways from the west, south and east. The system allows for quick travel within the metropolitan area and a lack of the traffic gridlock typically found in cities of comparable size; in part this is because the system was designed to accommodate an anticipated year-2000 metro population of 5 million, whereas the present-day population is just over one million. The Outer Loop circles just outside the city limits while the Inner Loop circles around the immediate downtown area within the city proper. From the west are Lake Ontario State Parkway, NY-531 and I-490; Interstate 390 feeds from the south; and NY-104, NY-441, and I-490 approach from the east. Four Interstate Highways run through the Greater Rochester area: 
New York State Route Expressways: 
Notable citizensSister citiesRochester has eleven sister cities[32], as designated by Sister Cities International. They are all dedicated by a branched concrete walkway over the Genesee River, dubbed the Sister Cities Bridge (known as the Frank and Janet Lamb Bridge since October 2006)[33]:
ReferencesExternal links
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