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Reference ranges for blood tests
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Reference ranges for blood tests

A reference range is a set of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results. The range is usually defined as the set of values 95% of the normal population falls within.

The reference range will vary, depending on the age, sex and race of a population, and even the instruments the laboratory uses to perform the tests. Furthermore, by definition, 5% of the normal population will fall outside the reference range. The values given below therefore are given as examples only and should not be used to interpret individual test results. Factors other than medical conditions can affect laboratory values, such as male or female sex, diet, use of drugs (prescribed, over-the-counter and herbal remedies), and stress, as well as other more exotic factors like altitude.

Contents

Sorted by concentration

By mass

Reference ranges for some blood tests, sorted by mass.

By molarity

Reference ranges for some blood tests, sorted by molarity.

Clinical biochemistry

  • Items marked with a ** are part of "CHEM-7"[1] and CHEM-20
  • Items marked with a * are part of "CHEM-20"[2], but not CHEM-7

Electrolytes and Metabolites

Electrolytes and Metabolites:

Test [3] Patient type Lower limit [3] Upper limit[3] Unit Comments 
|- 
| ** Sodium (Na)
135[4]-137[5] 145[5]-147[4] mmol/L or mEq/L[4] 
|- 
| ** Potassium (K)
3.5[4]-3.6[5] 5.0[5][4]-5.1 mmol/L or mEq/L[4] 
|- 
| Chloride (Cl)
95[4]-98 105[4]-107 mmol/L or mEg/L[4] 
|- 
| Osmolality
275[4] 295[4] mOsm/kg 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Urea
1.2[4]-2.5 3.0[4]-6.4 mmol/L 
|- 
| 7[4]
18[4]-21[5] mg/dL 
|- 
|rowspan=2| * Uric acid[5]
0.18[4] 0.48[4] mmol/L 
|-
| 3.0[4]3.5
8.2[4]-8.5 mg/dL 
|- 
|rowspan=4|  ** Creatinine
male 62 115 ?mol/L May be complemented with creatinine clearance 
|- 
| 0.7
1.3 mg/dL 
|- 
|rowspan=2| female
53 97 ?mol/L 
|- 
|  0.6
1.1 mg/dL 
|- 
|rowspan=2| ** Glucose (fasting)
3.8[4]-3.9 <6.1[6] mmol/L See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology) 
|- 
| 65[5]-70[4]
<100[6] mg/dL 
|- 
|rowspan=4| Total serum iron (TSI)
male 65[7]-76[5] 176[7]-198[5] µg/dL 
|- 
| female
26[5]-50[7] 170[7][5] 
|- 
| newborns[7]
100 250 
|- 
| children[7]
50 120 
|- 
| Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
240[7]-262[5] 450[7]-474[5] 
|- 
| Transferrin[5]
204 360 mg/dL 
|- 
| Transferrin saturation[7]
20 50 % 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Ferritin[5]
Male 12[8] 300[8] ng/mL 
|- 
| Female
12[8] 150[8] 
|-

Acid and base

Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments 
|- 
| pH
7.34[5]-7.35[4] 7.44[5]-7.45[4] 
|-
| [H+]
36[4] 44[4] nmol/L 
|- 
| base excess
-3 +3 
|-
|rowspan=2| PO2
10[4] 13-14[4] kPa 
|-
| 75[5][4]
100[5]-105[4] mmHg 
|-
|rowspan=2| ** PCO2
4.4[4]4.8 5.8-5.9[4] kPa 
|-
| 33[4]-35[5]
44[4]-45[5] mmHg 
|-
| Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
18 23 mmol/L 
|-
| Standard bicarbonate (SBCe)
21-22[4] 27-28[4] mmol/L or mEq/L[4] 
|-

Liver function

Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments 
|-
|* Total Protein
60[4]-63[5] 78[4]-82[5] g/L 
|- 
|rowspan=2| * Albumin
35[9][4] 48[5]-55[4] g/L 
|-
| 3.5[5]
4.8[5]-5.5[4] U/L 
|- 
| Globulins
23[4] 35[4] g/L 
|-
|rowspan=2| * Total Bilirubin
2[4] 17[4] ?mol/L 
|-
| 0.1[4]-0.2[5]
1.0[4]-1.3[5] mg/dL 
|- 
|rowspan=2| * Direct Bilirubin
0.0[4] 5[4] ?mol/L 
|-
| 0[5][4]
0.3[5][4] mg/dL 
|- 
| * Alanine transaminase (ALT)
7[5]-8 [4] 20[4], 40, 56[5] U/L Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) 
|- 
| * Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
20[4]-38[5] 70[4]-126[5] U/L p-NPP at 30 degrees C[4]
Higher in children and pregnant women. 
|- 
| * Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
8[5] 50-78[5] U/L 
|-

Cardiac tests

Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments 
|- 
| Creatine kinase (CK) - male
24[10]-38[5] 195 U/L
or ng/mL 
|- 
| Creatine kinase (CK) - female
24[11]-38[5] 170 U/L 
|- 
| CK-MB[5]
0 3 ng/mL 
|- 
| Troponin[5]
0 0.4 ng/mL 
|-

Other enzymes and proteins

Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments 
|- 
| * Aspartate transaminase (AST)
5[5]-8[4] 20[4]-35[5] U/L Also called serum glutamic oxatoacetic transaminase (SGOT) 
|- 
| * Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
85 285 U/L 
|- 
| Amylase
25[4]-30[5] 110[5], 120[12], 125[4] U/L 
|- 
| C-reactive protein (CRP)
n/a 5[13]-6[14] mg/L 
|- 
| D-dimer
n/a 500[15] ng/mL Higher in pregnant women[16] 
|-
| Lipase[5]
7 60 U/L 
|-

Other ions and trace metals

Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments 
|- 
| Ionised calcium (Ca)
1.15 1.29 mmol/L Some calcium is bound to albumin, thus not measured by certain techniques. 
|- 
|rowspan=2| * Total calcium (Ca)
2.1[4] 2.8[4] mmol/L 
|-
| 8.4[4]
10.2[4] mg/dL 
|-
| Phosphate (HPO42?)
0.8 1.5 [17] mM 
|-
|rowspan=2| Inorganic phosphorus (serum)
1.0[4] 1.5[4] mmol/L 
|-
| 3.0[4]
4.5[4] mg/dL 
|- 
| Copper (Cu)
11[18] 24 ?mol/L 
|- 
| Zinc (Zn)
10 17 ?mol/L 
|-

Lipids

Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Triglycerides
0.4 2 mmol/L 
|-
| 50[5]
250[5] mg/dL 
|- 
|rowspan=2| * Total cholesterol
3.6[4] 5.0[19]-6.5[4] mmol/L 
|-
| 120[5]-140[4]
200[5]-250[4] mg/dL 
|- 
| HDL cholesterol (male)
0.7 1.9 mmol/L 
|- 
| HDL cholesterol (female)
0.9 2.4 mmol/L 
|- 
| LDL cholesterol
2.4 3[19] mmol/L Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L. 
|-

Tumour markers

Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
n/a 10 kU/l 
|-
| 0
44[5] ng/mL 
|-
| Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG)
n/a 5[5] IU/l in male and non-pregnant female 
|- 
| CA-125 (also CA12.5)
n/a 35 U/ml 
|- 
| CA15.3
n/a 28 U/ml 
|- 
| CA19.9
n/a 40[5] U/ml 
|- 
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 
 non-smokers at 50 years
n/a 3.6 [20] ?g/l 
|- 
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 
 non-smokers at 70 years
n/a 4.1[20] ?g/l 
|- 
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers
n/a 5[21] ?g/l 
|- 
| Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
n/a 4[5] ?g/L below age 45 <2,5 ?g/L 
|-

Hormones

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit 
|- 
|rowspan=17| Thyroid hormones
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) 0.3-0.4[5] 3.0-4.5[5] mIU/L or ?IU/mL 
|- 
|rowspan=6| Free thyroxine (FT4)
Normal adult 10[22]-12 [23] 23[23] pmol/L 
|-
| 0.7[24] -0.8[5]
1.4[24]-1.5[5] ng/dL 
|-
| Infant 0-3 d
2.0[24] 5.0[24] ng/dL 
|-
| Infant 3-30 d
0.9[24] 2.2[24] ng/dL 
|-
| Child/Adolescent 
 31 d - 18 y
0.8[24] 2.0[24] ng/dL 
|-
| Pregnant
0.5[24] 1.0[24] ng/dL 
|-
|rowspan=2| Total thyroxine
60[22][23] 140[22]-160[23] nmol/L 
|- 
| 4[22]-5.5[5]
11[22]-12.3[5] ?g/dL 
|-
|rowspan=3| Free triiodothyronine (FT3)
Normal adult 2.5 5.3 pmol/L 
|-
| 0.2[22]
0.5[22] ng/dL 
|-
| Children 2-16 y
0.1[25] 0.6[25] ng/dL 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Total triiodothyronine
1.1[22] 2.7[22] nmol/L 
|-
| 60[5]-75[22]
175[22]-181[5] ng/dL 
|-
| Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
12[5] 30[5] mg/L 
|-
|rowspan=2| Thyroglobulin (Tg)
1.5[22] 30[22] pmol/L 
|-
| 1[22]
20 [22] ?g/L 
|- 
|rowspan=20|Other
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 1.3 18[26] pmol/L 
|-
| 20[5]
100[5] pg/mL 
|- 
| Cortisol (0830 h)
250 850 nmol/L 
|- 
| Cortisol (1630 h)
110 390 nmol/L 
|-
| Growth hormone (fasting)
0 5[4] ng/mL 
|-
| Growth hormone (arginine stimulation)
7[4] n/a ng/mL 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Prolactin
male n/a 450 mIU/L 
|- 
| Female
n/a 580 mIU/L 
|- 
|rowspan=3| Testosterone
male 8 38 nmol/L 
|- 
| male prepuberty
0.1 0.5 nmol/L 
|- 
| female
0.3 2.5 nmol/L 
|-
|}

Hematology

Red blood cells

Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments 
|- 
|rowspan=4| Haemoglobin (Hb)
male 2.1[4] 2.7[4] mmol/L Higher in neonates, lower in children. 
|-
| 132[5]-135[4]
162[5]-175[4] g/L 
|- 
|rowspan=2| female
1.9[4] 2.5[4] mmol/L Sex difference negligible until adulthood. 
|-
| 115-120[4][5]
152[5]-160[4] g/L 
|-
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
4[27] 5.9[27] % of Hb 
|- 
|rowspan=3| Haematocrit (Hct)
male 0.38, 0.4[5], 0.41[4] 0.52[5]-0.53[4] 
|- 
| female
0.36[4]-0.37[5] 0.46[5][4]-0.47 
|- 
| Child
0.31[5] 0.43[5] 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Hemoglobin in plasma
0.16[4] 0.62[4] ?mol/L 
|- 
|
1 4 mg/dL 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Mean cell volume (MCV)
Male 82[5] 102[5] fL Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children. 
|-
| Female
78[5] 101[5] fL 
|-
| MCV standard deviation
35[5] 47[5] fL 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH)
0.39[4] 0.54[4] fmol/cell 
|-
| 25[4]-26
34-35[4] pg/cell 
|-
| Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
31[5] 35[5] g/dL 
|- 
|rowspan=3| Red blood cells (RBC)
male 4.3[5][4]-4.5 5.9[4]-6.2[5] x1012/L 
|- 
| Female
3.5[4]-3.8[5] 5.5[5][4]-5.8 x1012/L 
|- 
| Infant/Child
3.8[5] 5.5[5] x1012/L 
|- 
|rowspan=4| Reticulocytes
10 100 x109/L 
|- 
| Adult
0.5[5][4] 1.5[5] [4] % of RBC 
|- 
| Newborn
1.1[5] 4.5[5] % of RBC 
|- 
| Infant
0.5[5] 3.1[5] % of RBC 
|- 
| Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)
11.5[5] 14.5[5] % Coefficient of variation 
|-
|}

White blood cells

Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments 
|- 
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC.)
4.1[5]-4.5[4] 10.9[5]-11[4]
  • x109/L
  • x103/mm3 or
  • x103/?L
 Higher in neonates and infants. 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Neutrophil granulocytes
2 7.5 x109/L Also known as granulocytes (grans), polys, PMNs, or segs. 
|- 
| 45-54[4]
62[4]-74 % of WBC 
|- 
| Neutrophilic band forms
3[4] 5[4] % of WBC 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Lymphocytes
1.3 4 x109/L 
|- 
| 16-25[4]
33[4]-45 % of WBC 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Monocytes
0.2 0.8 x109/L 
|- 
| 3[4]-4.0
7[4]-10 % of WBC 
|-
|rowspan=2| Mononuclear leukocytes
1.5 5 x109/L Lymphocytes + monocytes.
Mean: 35% of WBC. 
|- 
| 20
35 % of WBC 
|- 
| CD4+ cells
0.4 [5] 1.8[5] x109/L 
|-
|rowspan=2| Eosinophil granulocytes
0.04 0.4 x109/L 
|- 
| 1[4]
3[4]-7 % of WBC 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Basophil granulocytes
0.01 0.1 x109/L 
|- 
| 0.0
0.75[4]-2 % of WBC 
|-
|}

Coagulation

Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments 
|- 
| Platelet count (Plt)
 140[5]-150[4] 400[4]-450[5] x109/L 
|- 
| Prothrombin time (PT)
 11[4][28]-12[5] 13.5[28], 14[5], 15[4] s PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised 
|- 
| INR
 0.9 1.2 The INR is a corrected ratio of a patients PT to normal 
|- 
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
 18[5]-29 28[5]-41 s 
|- 
| Thrombin clotting time (TCT)
 11 18 s 
|- 
| Fibrinogen
1.7[5]-1.8 4.2[5] g/L 
|- 
| Bleeding time
2 9 minutes

Immunology

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments 
|- 
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Acute phase protein
markers of Inflammation
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR) 		Male 0 Age÷2[29] mm/hr ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[30] 
|-
| Female
(Age+10)÷2 [29] 
|- 
| C-reactive protein (CRP)
0 5[13]-6[14] mg/L 
|- 
|rowspan=2| Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)
20 53 ?mol/L [31] 
|-
|
150 350 mg/dL 
|- 
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|Autoantibodies
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) 
|- 
| Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) 
|- 
| Rheumatoid factor (RF)
0 20-30[5] IU/mL High levels not specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis alone. 
|- 
|rowspan=3| Serology
Antistreptolysin O titre
(ASOT) 		Preschoolers n/a 100 units/mL 
|-
| School age
250[5] 
|-
| Adult
125[5]

See also

References

External links

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