A dragon robe for a Qing dynasty emperor

List of emperors

Given name1	Posthumous name2 (short form) Chinese, Manchu	Temple name2	Reign name Chinese, Manchu	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Nurhaci ???? pinyin: N?'?rh?chì	G?odì ?? Dergi h?wangdi	Tàiz? ??	Ti?nming ??) (1616-1626)	1616-1626	Nurhaci
Huang Taiji ???	Wéndì ?? Genggiyen su h?wangdi	Tàiz?ng ??	Ti?nc?ng ?? Abkai sure 1627-1636; Chóngdé ?? Wesihun erdemungge 1636-1643	1626-1643	Huang Taiji
Fúlín ??	Zh?ngdì ?? Eldembure h?wangdi	Shìz? ??	Shùnzhì ?? Ijish?n dasan	1643-16615	Shunzhi Emperor
Xuányè ??	Réndì ?? Gosin h?wangdi	Shèngz? ??	K?ngx? ?? Elhe taifin	1661-1722	Kangxi Emperor
Yìnzh?n ??	Xiàndì ?? Temgetulehe h?wangdi	Shìz?ng ??	Y?ngzhèng ?? H?waliyasun tob	1722-1735	Yongzheng Emperor
Hónglì ??	Chúndì ?? Yongkiyangga h?wangdi	G?oz?ng ??	Qiánlóng ?? Abkai wehiyehe	1735-1796 (died 1799)6	Qianlong Emperor
Yóngy?n ??	Ruìdì ?? Sunggiyen h?wangdi	Rénz?ng ??	Ji?qìng ?? Saicungga feng?en	1796-1820	Jiaqing Emperor
Mínníng ??	Chéngdì ?? ?anggan h?wangdi	Xu?nz?ng ??	Dàogu?ng ?? Doro eldengge	1820-1850	Daoguang Emperor
Yìzh? ??	Xi?ndì ?? Iletu h?wangdi	Wénz?ng ??	Xiánf?ng ?? Gubci elgiyengge	1850-1861	Xianfeng Emperor
Z?ichún ??	Yìdì ?? Filingga h?wangdi	Mùz?ng ??	Tóngzhì ?? Yooningga dasan	1861-18757	Tongzhi Emperor
Z?itián ??	J?ngdì ?? Ambalingg? h?wangdi	Déz?ng ??	Gu?ngxù ?? Badarangga doro	1875-19087	Guangxu Emperor
P?yí ?? also known as Henry	Xùndì 8 ??	None given 9	Xu?nt?ng ?? Gehungge yoso	1908-192410 (died 1967)	Xuantong Emperor
1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (???? aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.
2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong.
3 Nurhaci founded the Jin (?) or Later Jin (??) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously.
4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (???).
5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644.
6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (????). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796.
7 The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own.
8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi.
9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Pu-yi. Posthumous name: Mindi (??). Temple name: Gongzong (??). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public.
10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Xuantong, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (????????) which allowed Xuantong to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Xuantong was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Xuantong was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Xuantong was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Xuantong also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (??) (1932-1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde (??) (1934-1945).

See also

• Qing Dynasty family tree
• Dynasties in Chinese history

de:Kaiser der Qing-Dynastie ko:???? ?? id:Daftar Kaisar Dinasti Qing fi:Qing-dynastian keisarit sv:Lista över Qingdynastins kejsare th:???????????????????????????? vi:Danh sách hoàng ?? nhà Thanh

---

Source: Wikipedia | The above article is available under the GNU FDL. | Edit this article