Pic de Bugatet in the Néouvielle massif

For the most part, the main crest forms a massive divider between France and Spain, with the tiny country of Andorra sandwiched in between. Catalonia and the Basque Country are the human cultural regions that extend on both sides of the mountain range, with a northern and a southern part on each side^[1][2].

According to the Greek mythology the Pyrenees are named after Pyrene (fire in Greek) the daughter of Bebryx who was supposedly raped by Herakles. Terrified by having given birth to a serpent, she fled to the mountains and was either buried or eaten by wild animals. Herodotus placed the setting of this mythological legend on his map of the Oikumene as early as 450 BC.

Geography

Politically, the Spanish Pyrenees are part of the following provinces, from east to west: Girona, Barcelona, Lleida, Huesca, Navarra, and Guipúzcoa.

The French Pyrenees are also part of the following départements, from east to west: Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude, Ariège, Haute-Garonne, Hautes-Pyrénées, and Pyrénées-Atlantiques (the latter two of which include Pyrenees National Park).

The independent principality of Andorra is sandwiched in the eastern portion of the mountain range between the Spanish Pyrenees and French Pyrenees.

Composite satellite image of the Pyrenees (NASA)

Physiograpically, the Pyrenees are typically divided into three sections: the Atlantic (or Western), the Central, and the Eastern Pyrenees. Together, they form a distinct physiographic province of the larger Alpine System division.

Pico del Aneto, the highest mountain of the Pyrenees.

• Pico d'Aneto or Pic de Néthou in the Maladeta ridge,
• Posets peak ,
• Mont Perdu or Monte Perdido or Mont Perdut .

In the Western Pyrenees the average elevation gradually increases from the west to the east, from the Basque mountains near the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean. In the Eastern Pyrenees, with the exception of one break at the eastern extremity of the Pyrénées Ariégeoises, the mean elevation is maintained with remarkable uniformity until a sudden decline occurs in the portion of the chain known as the Albères.

Geology

The Pyrenees are older than the Alps: their sediments were first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. Between 100 and 150 million years ago, during the Lower Cretaceous period, the Bay of Biscay fanned out, pushing present-day Spain against France and putting large layers of sediment in a vise grip. The intense pressure and uplifting of the Earth's crust first affected the eastern part and stretched progressively to the entire chain, culminating in the Eocene epoch.

The eastern part of the Pyrenees consists largely of granite and gneissose rocks, while in the western part the granite peaks are flanked by layers of limestone. The massive and unworn character of the chain comes from its abundance of granite, which is particularly resistant to erosion, as well as weak glacial development.

Landscape

San Maurici lake in the Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park

• the absence of great lakes, such as those that fill the lateral valleys of the Alps
• the rarity and great elevation of passes
• the large number of the mountain torrents locally called gaves, which often form lofty waterfalls, surpassed in Europe only by those of Scandinavia
• the frequency with which the upper end of a valley assumes the form of a semicircle of precipitous cliffs, called a cirque.

The highest waterfall is that of Gavarnie (462 m or 1,515 ft), at the head of the Gave de Pau; the Cirque de Gavarnie, in the same valley, is perhaps the most famous example of the cirque formation. Low passes are lacking, and the principal roads and the railroads between France and Spain run only in the lowlands at the western and eastern ends of the Pyrenees, near sea level. Between the two ends of the range, the only two passes worth mentionings are the Col de la Perche, between the valley of the Têt and the valley of the Segre, and the Col de Somport or Port de Canfranc, where there were old Roman roads, but apparently, no modern highways.

A notable visual feature of this mountain range is La Brèche de Roland, a gap in the ridge line, which in legands was created by Roland.

Natural resources

A waterfall in the Spanish Pyrenees

Mineral springs are abundant and remarkable, and especially noteworthy are the hot springs, of which the Alps are very deficient. The hot springs, among which those of Panticosa, Lles, Bagnères-de-Luchon and Eaux-Chaudes may be mentioned, are sulphurous and mostly situated high, near the contact of the granite with the stratified rocks. The lower springs, such as those of Bagnères-de-Bigorre (Hautes-Pyrénées), Rennes-les-Bains (Aude) and Campagne (Aude), are mostly selenitic and not very warm.

Climate

The amount of the precipitation, including rain and snow, is much greater in the western than in the eastern Pyrenees, because of the moist air that blows in from the Atlantic Ocean over the Bay of Biscay. After dropping its moisture over the western and central Pyrenees, the air is usually dry over the eastern Pyrenees.

This all leads to a marked contrast between different sections of the mountain range in more than one respect. Some glaciers are found in the western and especially the snowy central Pyrenees, but the eastern Pyrenees are without any glaciers - with the quantity of snow falling there being insufficient to cause their development. The glaciers are confined to the northern slopes of the central Pyrenees, and do not descend, like those of the Alps, far down into the valleys, but have their greatest lengths along the direction of the mountain chain. They form, in fact, in a narrow zone near the crest of the highest mountains. Here, as in the other great mountain ranges of central Europe, there is great evidence of a much wider extension of the glaciers during the Ice Ages. The case of the glacier in the valley of Argelbs in the département of Hautes-Pyrénées is the best-known instance.

The snow-line varies in different parts of the Pyrenees from about 2,700 to 2,800 meters above sea-level.

Flora and fauna

A mountain stream

The Pyrenean Ibex mysteriously became extinct in January 2000; the native Pyrenean brown bear was hunted to near-extinction in the 1990s, but it was re-introduced in 1996 when three bears were brought from Slovenia. The bear population has bred successfully, and there are now believed to be about 15 brown bears in the central region around Fos, but only four native ones are still living in Aspe valley.

In their fauna the Pyrenees present some striking instances of endemism. The Pyrenean Desman is found only in some of the streams of the northern slopes of these mountains, but the only other member of this genus are confined to the rivers of the Caucasus in southern Russia. The Pyrenean euprocte (Euproctus pyrenaicus), an endemic relative of the salamander, also lives in streams and lakes located at high altitudes. Among the other peculiarities of the Pyrenean fauna are blind insects in the caverns of Ariège, the principal genera of which are Anophthalmus and Adelops.

Protected areas

Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park, Spain

• Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park (Spain)
• Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park (Spain)
• Pyrénées National Park (France)

Demographics and culture

The ethnology, folklore, institutions and history of the Pyrenean region form an interesting study: see Andorra; Aragon; Ariege; Basque Country; Béarn; Catalonia; Navarre; Roussillon. For their history, see also Almogavars, Marca Hispanica.

Languages spoken in the area are, notably, Spanish, French, Catalan (in Catalonia and Andorra), and the Basque language. Also spoken, in a minor extent, are the Occitan language (the Gascon and Languedocien dialects in France and the Aranese dialect in the Aran Valley), and Aragonese.

Sports and Leisure

Both sides of the Pyrenees are popular spots for winter sports such as alpine skiing and mountaineering. The Pyreenees are also a good place for European and North African athletes to do high-altitude training in the summertime, such as by bicycling and cross-country running.

In the summer and the autumn, the Pyrenees are usually featured in two of cycling's epic grand tours, the Tour de France held annually in July and the Vuelta a España held in September. The stages held in the Pyrenees are often crucial legs of both tours, drawing hundreds of thousands of spectators to the region, too.

Three main long-distance footpaths run the length of the mountain range; the GR 10 across the northern slopes, the GR 11 across the southern slopes, and the HRP which traverses peaks and ridges along a high altitude route. In addition, there are numerous marked and unmarked trails throughout the region.

Pyrena is a dog-mushing competition held in the Pyrenees.

Ski resorts

Ski resorts in the Pyrenees include:

Formigal, one of the major ski resorts

• Alp 2500
• Arette
• Astún
• Artouste
• Ax-les-Thermes
• Baqueira-Beret
• Bareges-La Mongie (Tourmalet)
• Luz Ardiden
• Bourg-d'Oueil
• Cauterets
• Candanchú
• Cerler

• Espot Esquí
• Font-Romeu
• Formigal
• Gourette
• Guzet-neige
• Hautacam
• La Pierre Saint Martin
• Le Mourtis
• Les Angles
• Luchon-Superbagnères
• Luz-Ardiden
• Nistos cap nestes

• Panticosa-Los Lagos
• Pas de la Casa
• Peyragudes
• Piau-Engaly
• Port-Ainé
• Somport
• Superbagnères
• Tavascan
• Vall de Núria
• Vallnord
• Vallter 2000

Highest summits

Monte Perdido

• Aneto (3,404 m)
• Posets (3,375 m)
• Monte Perdido (3,355 m)
• Pic Maudit (3,350 m)
• Cilindro de Marboré (3,328 m)
• Pic de la Maladeta (3,308 m)
• Vignemale (Pique Longue) (3,298 m)
• Clot de la Hount (3,289 m)
• Soum de Ramond (3,263 m)
• Pic du Marboré (3,248 m)
• Pic de Cerbillona (3,247 m)
• Pic de Perdiguère (3,222 m)
• Pic de Montferrat (3,220 m)
• Pic Long (3,192 m)
• Pic Schrader (Grand Batchimale) (3,177 m)
• Pic de Campbieil (3,173 m)
• Pic de la cascade orientale (3,161 m)

• Pic Badet (3,160 m)
• Pic du Balaïtous (3,144 m)
• Pic du Taillon (3,144 m)
• Pica d'Estats (3,143 m)
• Punta del Sabre (3,136 m)
• Pic de la Munia (3,134 m)
• Pointe de Literole (3,132 m)
• Pic des Gourgs Blancs (3,129 m)
• Pic de Royo (3,121 m)
• Pic des Crabioules (3,116 m)
• Pic de Maupas (3,109 m)
• Pic Lézat (3,107 m)
• Pic de la cascade occidental (3,095 m)
• Pic de Néouvielle (3,091 m)
• Pic de Troumouse (3,085 m)
• Pics d'Enfer (3,082 m)
• Pic de Montcalm (3,077 m)

• Grand pic d' Astazou (3,077 m)
• Épaule du Marboré (3,073 m)
• Pic du port de Sullo (3,072 m)
• Pic des Spijeoles (3,066 m)
• Pic de Quayrat (3,060 m)
• Pic des Trois Conseillers (3,039 m)
• Turon de Néouvielle (3,035 m)
• Pic de Batoua (3,034 m)
• Petit Vignemale (3,032 m)
• Pic de Besiberri Sud (3,017 m)
• Pic Ramougn (3,011 m)
• Tour du Marboré (3,009 m)
• Casque du Marboré (3,006 m)
• Grande Fache (3,005 m)

Noted Summits below 3,000 meters

Pic du Midi d'Ossau

• Pic de Palas (2,974 m)
• Pic de Comapedrosa (2,942 m) - highest point of Andorra
• Pic Carlit (2,921 m)
• Puigmal (2,913 m)
• Collarada (2,886 m)
• Pic du Midi d'Ossau (2,885 m)
• Pic du Midi de Bigorre (2,876 m)

• Mont Valier (2,838 m)
• Petit Pic du Midi d'Ossau (2,812 m)
• Pic du Canigou (2,786 m)
• Pic d'Anie (2,504 m)
• Pic de Madrès (2,469 m)
• Grande Aiguille d'Ansabère (2,376 m)
• Pic du Soularac (2,368 m)

• Pic du Saint Barthélémy (2,348 m)
• Pic des Trois Seigneurs (2,199 m)
• Pic d'Orhy (2,017 m)
• Pic de Pedraforca (2,498 m)
• La Rhune (905 m)

References

Literature

• Claus Paegelow: Pyrenees Bibliography. Andorra, Spain & French Pyrenees, 2008 ISBN 978-3-00-023936-6

See also

• Pre-Pyrenees
• Mountain passes of the Pyrenees

External links

• Official website of France's Pyrenees National Park
• Bardenas Reales desert (Spain Pyrenees desert)
• Flying over the Pyrenees
• Great Routes: Pirineos, from a website of the Instituto de Turismo de España
• Complete guide to the Pyrenees Mountains
• Pyrenees Maps Interactive Google map with mountain tops in the Pyrenees.
• Glaciers of the Spanish Pyrenees

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