The Psalms of Thomas - more correctly "Psalms of Thom" - are an enigmatic set of psalms found appended to the end of the Coptic Manichaean Psalm-book, which was in turn part of the Medinet Madi Coptic Texts uncovered in 1928. Published in 1938 by C. R. C. Allberry, internet versions only comprise 12 numbered psalms.

The themes and content of the psalms bear a considerable resemblance to the Hymn of the Pearl from the Acts of Thomas. In 1949 Torgny Save-Soderbergh in "Studies in the Coptic Manichaean Psalm-book" unexpectedly revealed that the psalms were largely based upon canonical Mandaean texts - despite Jesus being mentioned positively in two psalms! This discovery at last demonstrated that the Mandaean religion predates Manicheanism, its presence in Manichaean literature revealing rather its thematic similarities to Manichaean teachings.

Nevertheless considerable controversy continues as to whether the Thomas or Thom referred to could be the Apostle Thomas or Mani's disciple, also called Thomas. This is because the latter is referred to in other parts of the Coptic Manichaean Psalm-book as a distinct person from the Apostle. The enigma has since deepened with the publication of the Cologne Mani Codex in the 1970s, which showed that Mani himself came out of a baptizing Christian sect called the Elkasaites (= Elcesaites). So did the Manichaean Thomas write the texts in imitation of an older style or did Mani derive the Psalms of Thomas indirectly from Mandaeism through his childhood experience in an Elkasaite community which presumably utilized this text?

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