Demonstrators march in the street while protesting the policies of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on 16 April 2005.

Protest expresses relatively overt reaction to events or situations: sometimes in favor, though more often opposed. Protesters may organize a protest as a way of publicly and forcefully making their opinions heard in an attempt to influence public opinion or government policy, or may undertake direct action to attempt to directly enact desired changes themselves.^[1]

Self-expression can, in theory, in practice or in appearance, be restricted by governmental policy, economic circumstances, religious orthodoxy, social structures, or media monopoly. When such restrictions occur, opposition may spill over into other areas such as culture, the streets or emigration.

A protest can itself sometimes be the subject of a counter-protest. In such a case, counter-protesters demonstrate their support for the person, policy, action, etc. that is the subject of the original protest.

Historical notions

September 15, 2007 anti-war protest in Washington DC

• Northern Europe in the early 16th century (Protestant Reformation)
• North America in the 1770s (American Revolution)
• France in 1789 (French Revolution)
• The Haymarket riot, 1886, a violent labor protest led by the Anarchist Movement
• Martin Luther King's 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a key moment in the Civil Rights Movement
• SOS (Save Our Sons) where moderate middle class women who would hold silent protest vigils-founded in 1965
• The Stonewall riots in 1969 protesting the treatment of homosexuals in New York City
• The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
• The many ACT-UP AIDS protests of the late 1980s and early 1990s
• The Seattle WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity against the World Trade Organization
• Anti-globalization Protests in Prague in 2000
• Serbia in 2000
• Feb. 15, 2003 Iraq War Protest - 6-10 million in 60 countries

Forms of protest

Commonly recognized forms of protest include:

Protesters outside the Hotel Washington during the Million Worker March.

Public demonstration or political rally

Some forms of direct action listed in this article are also public demonstrations or rallies.

• Protest march, a historically and geographically common form of nonviolent action by groups of people.
• Picketing, a form of protest in which people congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place. Often, this is done in an attempt to dissuade others from going in ("crossing the picket line"), but it can also be done to draw public attention to a cause.
• Street protesters, characteristically, work alone, gravitating towards areas of high foot traffic, and employing handmade placards such as sandwich boards or picket sign's in order to maximize exposure and interaction with the public.
• Lock-downs are a way to stop movement of an object, like a structure or tree and to thwart movement of actual protestors from the location. Users employ various chains, locks and even the sleeping dragon for impairment of those trying to remove them with a matrix of composited materials.
• Die-ins are a form of protest where participants simulate being dead (with varying degrees of realism). In the simplest form of a die-in, protesters simply lie down on the ground and pretend to be dead, sometimes covering themselves with signs or banners. Much of the effectiveness depends on the posture of the protesters, for when not properly executed, the protest might look more like a "sleep-in". For added realism, simulated wounds are sometimes painted on the bodies, or (usually "bloody") bandages are used.
• Protest song is a song which protests perceived problems in society. Every major movement in Western history has been accompanied by its own collection of protest songs, from slave emancipation to women's suffrage, the labor movement, civil rights, the anti-war movement, the feminist movement, the environmental movement. Over time, the songs have come to protest more abstract, moral issues, such as injustice, racial discrimination, the morality of war in general (as opposed to purely protesting individual wars), globalization, inflation, social inequalities, and incarceration.
• Radical cheerleading The idea is to ironically reappropriate the aesthetics of cheerleading, for example by changing the chants to promote feminism and left-wing causes. Many radical cheerleaders (some of whom are male, transgender or non-gender identified) are in appearance far from the stereotypical image of a cheerleader.

Written demonstration

Written evidence of political or economic power, or democratic justification may also be a way of protesting.

• Petitions
• Letters (to show political power by the volume of letters): For example, some letter writing campaigns especially with signed form letter

Pro-life activists demonstrating in front of the Supreme Court in Washington, D.C.

Civil disobedience demonstrations

Any protest could be civil disobedience if a ?ruling authority? says so, but the following are usually civil disobedience demonstrations:

• Public nudity or topfree (to protest indecency laws or as a publicity stunt for another protest such as a war protest) or animal mistreatment (e.g. PETA's campaign against fur)
• Sit-in
• Raasta roko (people blocking auto traffic with their bodies)

As a residence

• Peace camp
• Formation of a tent city

Destructive

• Riot - Protests or attempts to end protests sometimes lead to rioting.
• Self-immolation

Direct action

• Nonviolent resistance
• Occupation

Protesting a government

• Tax resistance
• Conscientious objector
• Flag desecration

Demonstration against the 2004 NATO summit in Istanbul.

Protesting a military shipment

• Port Militarization Resistance - protests which attempt to prevent military cargo shipments.

By government employees

• Bully pulpit
• Judicial activism

Job action

• Strike action
• Sitdown strike
• Walkout
• work-in

In sports

During a sporting event, under certain circumstances, one side may choose to play a game "under protest", usually when they feel the rules are not being correctly applied. The event continues as normal, and the events causing the protest are reviewed after the fact. If the protest is held to be valid, then the results of the event are changed. Each sport has different rules for protests.

By management

• Lockout

By tenants

• Rent strike

By consumers

• Boycott
• Consumer Court

Anonymous demonstration in London against the Church of Scientology.

Information

• Informative letters, letter writing campaigns, letters to the editor
• Teach-in
• Zine
• Soapboxing

Civil disobedience to censorship

• Samizdat (distributing censored materials)
• Protest Graffiti

Literature, art, culture

• Culture jamming

Religious

• Recusancy

Usage in American English

In American English, the verb protest often acts transitively: The students protested the policy. Elsewhere one can still find intransitive usage: The students protested against the policy; or: The students protested in favor of the policy.

Teach-in

A teach-in is a method of non-violent protest, first employed against the U.S. government's involvement in Vietnam. The idea was inspired by Marshall Sahlins who taught anthropology at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. The idea was to allow a forum for opposition towards the war. Students and faculty would meet at night in university facilities to argue, ask questions, challenge assumptions and learn about the Vietnam war.

Lebanese protest in Sydney during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict

Economic effects of protests against companies

A study of 342 US protests covered by the New York Times newspaper in the period 1962 and 1990 showed that such public activities usually had an impact on the company's publicly-traded stock price. The most intriguing aspect of the study's findings is that what mattered most was not the number of protest participants, but the amount of media coverage the event received. Stock prices fell an average of one-tenth of a percent for every paragraph printed about the event.^[2]

See also

• Action on climate change
• Anti-globalization
• 2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra
• First Amendment to the United States Constitution
• France Protest
• Gandhigiri
• 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests
• May 1968
• Police
• Port Militarization Resistance
• Protest art
• Protests against the 2003 Iraq war
• Right to protest
• Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
• UK fuel protests
• 2008 Republican National Convention Protest

References

External links

• OSCE-ODIHR Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly
• Slideshow of pictures from the Amnesty International denounce torture rally at Portland, Oregon.
• Essay examining ICTs and protest
• High-tech protest at the 2004 Republican National Convention
• Parenting Versus Protesting: Are They Mutually Exclusive?
• Is There A Legal Age for Political Dissent? Teens at Protests!
• Important Protests Mapped on Platial.
• Why public demonstration is a useless form of activism Criticism of protesting from the libertarian think tank, the Prometheus Institute.

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