Ratification of the Treaty of Münster.

The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress and initiated a new order in central Europe based on the concept of national sovereignty. Until 1806, the regulations became part of the constitutional laws of the Holy Roman Empire. The Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ended the war between France and Spain and is often considered part of the overall accord.

Locations

The peace negotiations were held in the cities of Münster and Osnabrück because Protestant and Catholic leaders refused to meet. The Catholics used Münster, while the Protestants used Osnabrück.

Delegations

The French delegation was headed by Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville and further comprised the diplomats Claude d'Avaux and Abel Servien. The Swedes plenipotentiaries sent Johan Oxenstierna, the son of chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, and Johann Adler Salvius. The head of the delegation of the Holy Roman Empire for both cities was Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff; in Münster, his aides were Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar and Isaak Volmar (a lawyer); in Osnabrück, his team comprised Johann Maximilian von Lamberg and Reichshofrat Johann Krane, a lawyer. The Spanish delegation was headed by Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán. The nuntius of Cologne, Fabio Chigi, and the Venetian envoy Alvise Contarini acted as mediators. Various Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire also sent delegations. The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands sent a delegation of eight, and Johann Rudolf Wettstein, the mayor of Basel, represented the Old Swiss Confederacy.

Results

Internal political boundaries

A simplified map of Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Tenets

The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia were:

• All parties would now recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism (the principle of cuius regio, eius religio). ^{[1] [2]}

• Christians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will. ^[1]

Holy Roman Empire in 1648.

There were also territorial adjustments:

• The independence of the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Savoy, Milan, Genoa, Mantua, Tuscany, Lucca, Modena and Parma from the Empire was formally recognised, as these regions had been de facto independent of the Emperors since the late 15th century.

• The majority of the Peace's terms can be attributed to the work of Cardinal Mazarin, the de facto leader of France at the time (the King, Louis XIV, was still a child). Not surprisingly, France came out of the war in a far better position than any of the other participants. France won control of the Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun near Lorraine, and the cities of the Décapole in Alsace (but not Strasbourg, the Bishopric of Strasbourg, or Mülhausen).

• Sweden received an indemnity, as well as control of Western Pomerania and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden. It thus won control of the mouth of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser Rivers, and acquired three voices in the Council of Princes of the German Reichstag.

• Bavaria retained the Palatinate's vote in the Imperial Council of Electors (which elected the Holy Roman Emperor), which it had been granted by the ban on the Elector Palatine Frederick V in 1623. The Prince Palatine, Frederick's son, was given a new, eighth electoral vote.

• The Palatinate was divided between the re-established Elector Palatine Charles Louis (son and heir of Frederick V) and Elector-Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, and thus between the Protestants and Catholics. Charles Louis obtained the Lower Palatinate, along the Rhine, while Maximilian kept the Upper Palatinate, to the north of Bavaria.

• Brandenburg-Prussia (later Prussia) received Farther Pomerania, and the Bishoprics of Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Kammin, and Minden.

• The succession to the Dukes of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who had died out in 1609, was clarified. Jülich, Berg, and Ravenstein were given to the Count Palatine of Neuburg, while Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg went to Brandenburg.

• It was agreed that the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück would alternate between Protestant and Catholic holders, with the Protestant bishops chosen from cadets of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

• The independence of the city of Bremen was clarified.

• Barriers to trade and commerce erected during the war were abolished, and 'a degree' of free navigation was guaranteed on the Rhine. ^[3]

References

See also

• Adam Adami - German diplomat in the peace negotiations
• Eighty Years' War
• List of treaties
• History of Sweden 1648-1700
• Thirty Years' War
• Westphalian sovereignty

External links

• Treaty Text (PDF)
• Treaty Text
• Treaty Text (Yale University)
• Texts of the Westphalian Treaties
• High Resolution Map of Germany after the Treaty of Westphalia
• Peace Treaty of Osnabrück (Full Text)
• Peace Treaty of Münster (Full Text)

als:Westfälischer Friede bg:?????????? ????? ??????? ca:Pau de Westfàlia cs:Vestfálský mír da:Westfalske fred de:Westfälischer Friede et:Vestfaali rahu es:Paz de Westfalia eo:Vestfalia Paco fr:Traités de Westphalie ko:????? ?? id:Perdamaian Westfalen it:Pace di Westfalia he:???? ??????? ka:?????????? ???? sw:Amani ya Westfalia la:Pax Westphalica lt:Vestfalijos taika nl:Vrede van Westfalen ja:??????????? no:Freden i Westfalen nn:Freden i Westfalen pl:Pokój westfalski 1648 pt:Paz de Vestfália ro:Pacea Westfalic? ru:???????????? ??? simple:Peace of Westphalia sk:Vestfálsky mier sl:Vestfalski mir sr:?????????? ??? fi:Westfalenin rauha sv:Westfaliska freden tr:Vestfalya Antla?mas? uk:????????????? ??? 1648 zh:???????