Oral history preservation

Oral history preservation

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Oral history preservation

Oral history preservation is the field that deals with the care and upkeep of oral history materials, whatever format they may be in. Oral history is a method of historical documentation, using interviews with living survivors of the time being investigated. Oral history often touches on topics scarcely touched on by written documents, and by doing so, fill in the gaps of records that make up early historical documents.^[1]

Collecting oral history
Medium

Past ways of saving oral histories
Current way to save oral histories

Basic preservation of the collection

Oral History Education
General
Paper records
Magnetic records
Digital preservation

Oral history archives
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Collecting oral history

The earliest method of collecting oral history was through memory. (see: oral tradition) With the loss of elders who were willing to preserve and pass along these histories, cultural memories began to vanish.

With the advent of the written word, it became possible for cultures to preserve their history without the memory of a select few. Spoken word was transcribed, and the eyewitness accounts of those who lived through both significant and everyday events were able to be saved for future generations to study. This method of historical preservation was augmented with the invention of different methods to record sound. Spoken word can now be recorded on audio or video tape, or through newer digital methods.

While new media allows for richer histories to be saved, it also comes with greater issues for preservationists, one such issue being that of copyright and the ethical concerns that come along with it. For all intensive purposes, copyright does not exist in oral testimonies, at least not as clearly as it does in written documents. It is hard to decide who holds the rights to the materials and how they should be handled.^[2] There are ways to combat copyright and ethical concerns and restrictions, however. One such way is through a letter of intent. Users sign this document before listening to an oral history recording in order to demonstrate that they understand and have agreed to the usage restrictions put in place by the institution.^[3]

Medium

Past ways of saving oral histories

Early methods of recording sound included phonograph cylinders (a stylus would draw wax grooves on the outside of a cylinder), gramophone records (grooves on the flat side of a disk) and magnetic recordings.

Current way to save oral histories

While reel-to-reel audio tape recordings are still popular, video recordings have become standard. This allows the researcher to take body language and facial expressions (both important means of communication in themselves) into account. There is also an emerging trend to use the telephone to make audio journals when distance prevents face-to-face contact.

In order to ensure the preservation of oral histories it is important that all work is properly transcribed and stored on reliable media. It is important to preserve oral histories in digital format to ensure longevity and usability. For a variety of reasons, the CD-R is the most cost effective digital solution available. Scholars and conservators have debated over this issue continually over the past decade, but due to emerging technologies the verdict is ever-changing. Placing oral histories on CD-R can cause an array of problems, but it is the most beneficial, timely, and cost effective form of preservation.

Recordable compact discs are a better solution to the preservation of oral histories over a long period of time. In order to preserve videotapes properly requires another examination of different formats and studies. CD-R is a successful technology that has proven its reliability over period of time. Therefore, a team of oral historians could transfer their older audiotapes and reels onto CD-Rs and better preserve their collections. This is done so by digital means. By switching their histories to CD-Rs they are increasing the longevity of the collection. Some argue that by placing the histories on CD-R that some of the sound quality is lost, but I argue that it is lost that must be taken order to ensure that the collection survives over time. The Folk Heritage Collections, at the Library of Congress, set a standard for 24 bits when digitizing music. This creates "superb" sound and has a high level of detail (Danielson, 2001). The Library of Congress uses CD-R as one of its storage methods. The Library of Congress has a higher budget than many university or archives, therefore they are able to store materials in multiple places. But, the Library of Congress has stated that they do believe storing sound on CD-R is a safe storage method (Danielson, 2001). One can assume if it is considered safe by the Library of Congress it is a relatively safe method of preservation.

A huge challenge of oral history preservation today is the battle with digital obsolescence. There is an obvious link between oral history preservation and digital preservation. Oral histories are often recorded on an assortment of tapes which are ultimately transferred onto computerized, or digitized, formats in order to facilitate their longevity. These digitized formats then have to be preserved, along with their corresponding metadata, just as any other digital objects are. Technological advances are happening everyday and it is difficult to keep up with these changes. Emulation and migration are two ways in which formats can be changed in order to be of use for longer. Emulation focuses on designing hardware and software that will imitate the old system so that it can accept the old files while migration focuses on fitting preserved data into a smaller number of formats that can still encode the complexities of the structure and form of the original format.^[4]

Basic preservation of the collection

Oral History Education

Due to the growing importance of oral histories the United States, as well as the international community, have increased funding to produce more oral histories, preserve oral history collections, and train oral historians. There are a growing number of oral history programs and classes in college and university campus across America. Although Indiana University does not offer academic degrees in oral history The Center for the Study of History and Memory offers students the opportunity to take classes on the topic. Some of the major universities that offer classes or degrees in oral history are Columbia University, University of Kentucky, and University of California Los Angles. Many international universities and organizations are also enhancing their programs. England, Canada, and Australia, have all established oral history associations and offer educational classes on the subject. These programs are aimed at educating future oral historians on key issues relating to oral history, such as preservation. This is a highly debated subject matter, due to increasing technology and funding.

General

The basic preservation rule for oral histories is that the repository must make three copies each of the oral history, of the transcript, and of all accompanying paperwork (summaries and copyright statements).

One copy will be the original item
One copy will be the duplicating master
One copy will be the access (public use) copy

Paper records

Transcripts of oral histories can facilitate their dissemination to the public. There are a few basic rules for paper (transcript) preservation of your oral history collection:

Make sure transcriptions are created on acid-free paper.
Save original transcript, and make copies for public use. Do not loan out original.
Store paper copies of transcriptions in archival-quality, acid free boxes.

Magnetic records

There are a few basic rules for magnetic recording preservation of your oral history collection:

Save the original tape as well as the transcript of the interview
Make an audio copy for public use, do not allow your original to be used
Store your tapes away from magnetic fields
Discourage users from fast forwarding and rewinding the audio tapes, this adds unnecessary wear and tear
Remember that master copies must be played every once in a while to ensure they are still viable
Keep your tapes in an environment that will maintain a temperature between 50-70 degrees Fahrenheit. The environment must also maintain a humidity level between 40-50% relative humidity (RH).

Digital preservation

There are many different digital preservation strategies, but no one strategy has been agreed upon as appropriate for all data types or institutions.

Oral history archives

Oral history materials are often stored in archival repositories that facilitate their preservation and longevity. Archival repositories are kept at the correct temperature to store oral history materials and trained professionals are there to ensure that the formats of the materials are kept up to date. Archivists, Preservationists and Conservators are in a unique position to appraise the shortcomings of existing archival records and to subsequently know what value can be made by oral history materials.^[5]

Notes

References

Keakopa, M. (1998). The role of the archivist in the collection and preservation of oral traditions. S.A. Archives Journal, 40,87-93.

Knoke, P.J., Schneider, W., & Mudd, I. (1990). PROJECT JUKEBOX: technology for oral history preservation and access. Audiovisual Librarian, 7(2), 108-113.

Soete, G.J. (1997). Transforming libraries: Issues and innovations in preserving digital information. Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries.

Worthington, J. (2003). Preservation of oral sources: An analysis of the methods employed by the Sinomlando Project, University of Natal, for the preservation of oral sources. S.A. Archives Journal, 43, 33-41.