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Olympic sports
Archery competition held during the Athens 2004 Summer Olympics. Dropped from the Olympic program after the Antwerp games, it was reinstated in 1972. 
Tug of war contested at the Saint Louis 1904 Summer Olympics. 
Curling was promoted to official Olympic sport at the Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) establishes a hierarchy of sports, disciplines, and events.[2] According to this hierarchy, the Olympic sports can be subdivided into multiple disciplines, which are often assumed to be distinct sports. Examples include swimming and water polo (disciplines of Aquatics, represented by the International Swimming Federation),[3] or figure skating and speed skating (disciplines of Skating, represented by the International Skating Union).[4] In their turn, disciplines can be subdivided into events, for which medals are actually awarded.[2] A sport or discipline is included in the Olympic program if the IOC determines that it is widely practiced around the world, that is, the number of countries that compete in a given sport is the indicator of the sport's prevalence. The IOC's requirements reflect participation in the Olympic Games as well ? more stringent toward men (as they are represented in higher numbers) and Summer sports (as more nations compete in the Summer Olympics). Sports may not depend primarily on mechanical propulsion, though there were power-boating events in the early days of the Olympics.[2] [5] Previous Olympic Games included sports which are no longer present on the current program, like polo and tug of war.[6] These sports, known as "discontinued sports", were later removed either because of lack of interest or absence of an appropriate governing body.[2] Archery and tennis are examples of sports that were competed at the early Games and were later dropped by the IOC, but managed to return to the Olympic program (in 1972 and 1988, respectively). Demonstration sports have often been included in the Olympic Games, usually to promote a local sport from the host country or to gauge interest and support for the sport.[7] Some such sports, like baseball and curling, were successfully added to the official Olympic program (in 1992 and 1998, respectively, baseball however will be played for the last time at the 2008 Bejing games).
Summer Olympic GamesAt the first Olympic Games, nine sports were contested.[8] Since then, the number of sports contested at the Summer Olympic Games has gradually risen to the current number of twenty-eight. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, however, the number of sports will fall back to twenty-six following an IOC vote in early 2006 deciding the removal of baseball and softball from the Olympic program. These remain Olympic sports nonetheless, with the possibility of a return to the Olympic program at the 2016 games.[9] In order for a sport or discipline to be in included in the Summer Olympics program (but not necessarily be contested at the Olympics), it must be widely practiced by men and women, in at least 75 and 50 countries, respectively, spread over four continents. Current programThe following sports (or disciplines of a sport) make up the current Summer Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by the IOC. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport contested at the respective Games; a bullet () denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration sport. Five of the 28 sports consist of multiple disciplines. Disciplines from the same sport are grouped under the same color: Aquatics ? Canoeing/Kayak ? Cycling ? Gymnastics ? Volleyball
Discontinued sportsThe following sports were previously part of the Summer Olympic Games program as official sports, but are no longer on the current program. The numbers in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport that were contested at the respective Games; a bullet denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration sport.
Demonstration sportsThe following sports or disciplines have been demonstrated at the Summer Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the official Olympic program:
Gliding was promoted from demonstration sport to an official Olympic sport in 1936 in time for the 1940 Summer Olympics, but the Games were cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II.[10][11] For the 2008 Summer Olympics, the Beijing Organizing Committee received permission to organize a wushu competition,[12][13] but it will not be considered a demonstration or exhibition sport, since the IOC banned demonstration sports in the Olympics at the 95th IOC session in 1989, effective after 1992.[14] Winter Olympic GamesBefore 1924, when the first Winter Olympic Games were celebrated, sports held on ice, like figure skating and ice hockey, were contested at the Summer Olympics.[15] These two sports made their debuts at the 1908 and the 1920 Summer Olympics, respectively, but were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics program as of the first edition.[16] The International Winter Sports Week, later dubbed the I Olympic Winter Games and retroactively recognized as such by the IOC, consisted of nine sports. The number of sports contested at the Winter Olympics has since been decreased to seven, comprising a total of fifteen disciplines.[17] A sport or discipline must be widely practiced in at least 25 countries on three continents in order to be included on the Winter Olympics program.[2] Current programThe following sports (or disciplines of a sport) make up the current Winter Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically, according to the name used by the IOC. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport that were contested at the respective Games (the blue cells indicate that those sports were held at the Summer Games); a bullet denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration sport. On some occasions, both official medal events and demonstration events were contested in the same sport at the same Games. Three out of the seven sports consist of multiple disciplines. Disciplines from the same sport are grouped under the same color:
Demonstration sportsThe following sports have been demonstrated at the Winter Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the official Olympic program:
Military patrol was an official skiing event in 1924 but the IOC currently considers it an event of biathlon in those games, and not as a separate sport. Ski ballet, similarly, was simply a demonstration event falling under the scope of freestyle skiing. Recognized sportsMany sports are not included in the Olympic program but are recognized by the IOC.[18] At any time, a recognized sport may be added to the Olympic program in future Games through a recommendation by the IOC Olympic Programme Commission followed by a voting of the IOC membership. Usually the sport appeared as a demonstration sport or event of similar status before being officially promoted.[7] The respective IFs are responsible for ensuring that the sport's activities follow the Olympic Charter; from the moment their sport is recognized they become official Olympic federations and can assemble with the IOC and remaining Olympic IFs.[19] Recognized sports that are not part of the competition schedule for an Olympic Games usually become part of the schedule of the World Games. On July 11, 2005, the IOC voted to drop baseball and softball from the Olympic program for 2012,[20] a decision that was reaffirmed on February 9, 2006.[9] However, the IOC members rejected their replacement with karate and squash, which were selected from a list that included golf, inline speed skating, and rugby sevens. During its last meeting of 2007, on December 12, the IOC Executive Board approved the provisional recognition of both cricket and climbing for a two-year period.[21] The following sports, though not contested in the Olympic Games, are recognized as Olympic sports by the IOC:[18]
ReferencesExternal links
ca:Esports olímpics cs:Seznam olympijských sport? da:Olympiske sportsgrene de:Olympische Sportarten el:????????? ???????? es:Deportes olímpicos fr:Sports olympiques hu:Olimpiai sportágak ko:??? ??? lv:Olimpiskie sporta veidi mr:??????? ?????????? ??? nl:Olympische sport ja:???????? pt:Desporto olímpico ru:??????????? ???? ?????? sl:Olimpijski ?porti fi:Luettelo olympialajeista sv:Olympiska sporter tl:Palakasang Olimpiko th:?????????????? zh:????? Source: Wikipedia | The above article is available under the GNU FDL. | Edit this article
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