Events

• 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Caligula emperor.
• 1229 - Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor declares himself King of Jerusalem during the Sixth Crusade.
• 1241 - Kraków is ravaged by Mongols.
• 1314 - Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and the last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake.
• 1325 - According to legend, Tenochtitlan is founded on this date. The event is depicted on the Mexican coat of arms.
• 1438 - Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Germany.
• 1608 - Susenyos is formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia.
• 1673 - John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton sells his part of New Jersey to the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers.
• 1766 - American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act, which had been very unpopular in the British colonies.
• 1781 - Charles Messier rediscovers global cluster M92
• 1793 - The first republican state in Germany, the Republic of Mainz, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann.
• 1834 - Six farm labourers from Tolpuddle, Dorset, England are sentenced to be transported to Australia for forming a trade union.
• 1850 - American Express is founded by Henry Wells and William Fargo.
• 1865 - American Civil War: The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.
• 1871 - Declaration of the Paris Commune; President of the French Republic, Adolphe Thiers, orders evacuation of Paris.
• 1874 - Hawaii signs a treaty with the United States granting exclusive trading rights.
• 1893 - Former Governor General Lord Stanley pledges to donate a silver challenge cup, later named after him, as an award for the best hockey team in Canada; originally presented to amateur champions, the Stanley Cup has been awarded to the top pro team since 1910, and since 1926, only to National Hockey League teams.
• 1906 - Traian Vuia flies a self-propelled heavier-than-air aircraft.
• 1909 - Einar Dessau uses a short-wave radio transmitter, becoming the first radio broadcaster.
• 1913 - King George I of Greece is assassinated in the recently liberated city of Thessaloniki.
• 1915 - World War I: Massive naval attack in Battle of Gallipoli. Three battleships are sunk during a failed British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles.
• 1921 - The second Peace of Riga between Poland and Soviet Union.
• 1922 - In India, Mohandas Gandhi is sentenced to six years in prison for civil disobedience. He would serve only 2 years.
• 1922 - The first public celebration of Bat mitzvah, for the daughter of Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan, is held in New York City.
• 1925 - The Tri-State Tornado hits the Midwestern states of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, killing 695 people.
• 1937 - The New London School explosion kills three hundred, mostly children.
• 1937 - Spanish Civil War: Spanish Republican forces defeat the Italians at the Battle of Guadalajara.
• 1937 - The human-powered aircraft, Pedaliante, flies 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) outside Milan.
• 1938 - Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders.
• 1940 - World War II: Axis Powers - Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass in the Alps and agree to form an alliance against France and the United Kingdom.
• 1944 - The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Italy kills 26 and causes thousands to flee their homes.
• 1945 - World War II: 1,250 American bombers attack Berlin.
• 1946 - Diplomatic relations between Switzerland and the Soviet Union are established.
• 1948 - Soviet consultants have left Yugoslavia in first sign of Tito-Stalin split.
• 1953 - An earthquake hits western Turkey, killing 250.
• 1959 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs a bill into law allowing for Hawaiian statehood, which would become official on August 21.
• 1962 - The Evian Accords put an end to the Algerian War of Independence, which began in 1954.
• 1965 - Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov, leaving his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for 12 minutes, becomes the first person to walk in space.
• 1967 - The Supertanker Torrey Canyon runs aground off the Cornish coast.
• 1968 - Gold standard: The U.S. Congress repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back US currency.
• 1970 - Lon Nol ousts Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia.
• 1971 - A landslide at Chungar, Peru crashes into Lake Yanahuani killing 200.
• 1974 - Oil embargo crisis: Most OPEC nations end a five-month oil embargo against the United States, Europe and Japan.
• 1980 - At Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia, 50 people are killed by an explosion of a Vostok-2M rocket on its launch pad during a fueling operation.
• 1989 - In Egypt, a 4,400-year-old mummy is found in the Pyramid of Cheops.
• 1990 - In the largest art theft in US history, 12 paintings, collectively worth around $300 million, are stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts.
• 1996 - A nightclub fire in Quezon City, Philippines kills 162.
• 1997 - The tail of a Russian Antonov An-24 charter plane breaks off while en-route to Turkey causing the plane to crash and killing all 50 on board and leading to the grounding of all An-24s.
• 2003 - FBI agents raid the corporate headquarters of HealthSouth Corporation in Birmingham, Alabama on suspicion of massive corporate fraud led by the company's top executives.
• 2003 - British Sign Language is recognised as an official British language.
• 2005 - Terri Schiavo's feeding tube is removed at the request of her husband.

Births

• 1395 - John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, English military leader (d. 1447)
• 1496 - Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VII of England and queen consort of Louis XII of France (d. 1533)
• 1555 - François, Duke of Anjou (d. 1584)
• 1590 - Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet (d. 1649)
• 1602 - Jacques de Billy, French mathematician (d. 1679)
• 1603 - Simon Bradstreet, Massachusetts Bay colonist (d. 1693)
• 1634 - Marie-Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, comtesse de la Fayette, French writer (d. 1693)
• 1640 - Philippe de la Hire, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1719)
• 1657 - Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni, Italian composer (d. 1743)
• 1679 - Matthew Decker, English merchant and writer (d. 1759)
• 1685 - Ralph Ersine, Scottish minister (d. 1752)
• 1690 - Christian Goldbach, Prussian mathematician (d. 1764)
• 1701 - Niclas Sahlgren, Swedish merchant and philanthropist (d. 1776)
• 1780 - Milos Obrenovic, Leader of The Second Serbian Uprising and Prince of Serbia (d. 1860)
• 1782 - John C. Calhoun, 7^th Vice President of the United States (d. 1850)
• 1813 - Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German writer (d. 1864)
• 1823 - Antoine Eugčne Alfred Chanzy, French general (d. 1883)
• 1828 - William Randal Cremer, English politician and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1908)
• 1837 - Grover Cleveland, 22^nd and 24^th President of the United States (d. 1908)
• 1840 - William Cosmo Monkhouse, English poet and critic (d. 1901)
• 1842 - Stéphane Mallarmé, French poet (d. 1898)
• 1844 - Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer (d. 1908)
• 1848 - Nathanael Herreshoff, American naval architect (d. 1938)
• 1848 - Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, daughter of Queen Victoria (d. 1939)
• 1858 - Rudolf Diesel, German inventor (d. 1913)
• 1869 - Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1940)
• 1872 - Anna Held, Polish actress and singer (d. 1918)
• 1874 - Nikolai Berdyaev, Russian philosopher (d. 1948)
• 1877 - Edgar Cayce, American psychic (d. 1945)
• 1877 - Clem Hill, Australian cricketer (d. 1945)
• 1882 - Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (d. 1973)
• 1884 - Bernard Cronin, Australian author and journalist (d. 1968)
• 1886 - Edward Everett Horton, American actor (d. 1970)
• 1898 - Jake Swirbul, American aircraft manufacturer (d. 1960)
• 1893 - Costante Girardengo, Italian cyclist (d. 1978)
• 1893 - Wilfred Owen, British poet (d. 1918)
• 1893 - Jean Goldkette, Greek-born jazz musician (d. 1962)
• 1901 - William H. Johnson, African-American artist of the Harlem Renaissance (d. 1970)
• 1904 - Sre?ko Kosovel, Slovenian poet (d. 1926)
• 1905 - Robert Donat, English actor (d. 1958)
• 1905 - Thomas Townsend Brown, American scientist (d. 1985)
• 1907 - John Zachary Young, British biologist (d. 1997)
• 1909 - Ernest Gallo, American winemaker (d. 2007)
• 1910 - Chiang Ching-kuo, President of the Republic of China (d. 1988)
• 1911 - Smiley Burnette, American singer and songwriter (d. 1967)
• 1913 - René Clément, French film director and screenwriter (d. 1996)
• 1913 - Werner Mölders, German WWII fighter pilot (d. 1941)
• 1913 - Reinhard Hardegen, German U-Boat commander
• 1915 - Richard Condon, American novelist (d. 1996)
• 1917 - Frederika of Hanover, queen of the Hellenes (d. 1981)
• 1918 - Al Benton, American baseball player (d. 1968)
• 1918 - Bob Broeg, American sports writer (d. 2005)
• 1919 - Christopher Challis, British cinematographer
• 1920 - Jack Warden, American actor (d.2006)
• 1922 - Egon Bahr, German politician
• 1922 - Fred Shuttlesworth, American civil rights movement leader
• 1923 - Andy Granatelli, American motorsports entrepreneur
• 1926 - Peter Graves, American actor
• 1926 - Dick Littlefield, American baseball player (d. 1997)
• 1927 - John Kander, American songwriter
• 1927 - George Plimpton, American writer and actor (d. 2003)
• 1928 - Julia Mullock, Princess of Korea
• 1928 - Miguel Poblet, Spanish cyclist
• 1928 - Fidel V. Ramos, 12^th President of the Philippines
• 1929 - John Macurdy, American bass
• 1930 - Pat Halcox, British musician
• 1931 - John Fraser, Scottish-born stage, film and television actor
• 1931 - John Mollo, British costume designer
• 1932 - John Updike, American author
• 1934 - Roy Chapman, English footballer and manager (d. 1983)
• 1935 - Ole Barndorff-Nielsen, Danish mathematician
• 1936 - Frederik Willem de Klerk, President of South Africa, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
• 1937 - Mark Donohue, American race car driver (d. 1975)
• 1937 - Rudi Altig, German cyclist
• 1938 - Charley Pride, American musician
• 1938 - Shashi Kapoor, Indian Actor
• 1938 - Timo Mäkinen, Finnish race car driver
• 1939 - Ron Atkinson, English former footballer and manager
• 1939 - Giannis Markopoulos, Greek composer
• 1939 - Kenny Lynch, British entertainer
• 1941 - Wilson Pickett, American singer (d. 2006)
• 1941 - John W. Derr, American politician
• 1942 - Albert Van Vlierberghe, Belgian cyclist (d. 1991)
• 1943 - Kevin Dobson, American actor
• 1943 - Toula Grivas, Greek actress
• 1944 - Dick Smith, Australian Adventurer and Businessman
• 1944 - Amnon Lipkin-Shahak, Israeli military leader and politician
• 1945 - Joy Fielding, Canadian novelist and actress
• 1945 - Hiroh Kikai, Japanese photographer
• 1945 - Michael Reagan, American radio host and adopted son of Ronald Reagan
• 1946 - Martyn Griffiths, British racing driver
• 1946 - Michel Leclčre, French racing driver
• 1947 - B.J. Wilson, English drummer (d. 1990)
• 1947 - Patrick Chesnais, French actor
• 1947 - Patrick Barlow, English actor, comedian and playwright
• 1947 - Roger Kenneth Evans, English politician
• 1947 - Heather Ryan, American model and former Playmate of the Month
• 1948 - Guy Lapointe, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1948 - Lockwood Phillips, American radio host
• 1948 - Brian Lloyd, Welsh footballer
• 1949 - Alex Higgins, Northern Irish snooker player
• 1949 - Ĺse Kleveland, Norwegian singer and politician
• 1949 - Hannu Siitonen, Finnish athlete
• 1950 - Brad Dourif, American actor
• 1950 - Richard Kretchmer, English artist and historian
• 1950 - Rodney Milburn, American athlete (d. 1997)
• 1950 - Eiji Okuda, Japanese actor and film director
• 1950 - Larry Perkins, Australian racing driver
• 1950 - John Hartman, American drummer (Doobie Brothers
• 1951 - Bill Frisell, American jazz musician
• 1951 - Ben Cohen, American co-founder of Ben & Jerry's ice cream
• 1952 - Mike Webster, American football player (d. 2002)
• 1955 - Francis G. Slay, Mayor of St. Louis, Mo.
• 1956 - Ingemar Stenmark, Swedish skier
• 1956 - Deborah Jeane Palfrey
• 1957 - György Pazdera, Hungarian bassist (Pokolgép)
• 1957 - Christer Fuglesang, Swedish ESA astronaut
• 1959 - Luc Besson, French producer, writer, and director
• 1959 - Irene Cara, American actress and singer
• 1960 - Richard Biggs, American actor (d. 2004)
• 1960 - Guy Carbonneau, Canadian ice hockey player and manager
• 1960 - James MacPherson, Scottish actor
• 1962 - Thomas Ian Griffith, American actor
• 1962 - James McMurtry, American folk singer/songwriter
• 1962 - Mike Rowe, American television personality
• 1962 - Etsushi Toyokawa, Japanese actor
• 1962 - Brian Fisher, American baseball player
• 1963 - Jeff LaBar, American guitarist
• 1963 - Vanessa L. Williams, American beauty queen, actress, and singer
• 1963 - Keith Brown, English cricketer
• 1964 - Bonnie Blair, American speed skater
• 1964 - Courtney Pine, British jazz saxophonist
• 1964 - Rozalla, Zambian singer
• 1964 - Alex Caffi, Italian racecar driver
• 1964 - Paul Elliott, English footballer
• 1965 - Yoriko Douguchi, Japanese actress
• 1965 - Birgit Clarius, German heptathlete
• 1966 - Jerry Cantrell, American musician
• 1966 - Daniel S. Nevins, American rabbi
• 1967 - Miki Berenyi, English singer (Lush)
• 1967 - Ken Edenfield, American basenall player
• 1968 - Shinichiro Miki, Japanese seiyu (voice actor)
• 1968 - Eudes, duc d'Angoulęme, French prince
• 1968 - Paul Marsden, British politician
• 1969 - Vassily Ivanchuk, Ukrainian chess player
• 1969 - Shaun Udal, English cricketer
• 1969 - Andy Cutting, English folk musician and composer
• 1970 - Queen Latifah, American singer and actress
• 1972 - Dane Cook, American comedian and actor
• 1972 - Anja Möllenbeck, German discus thrower
• 1972 - Nathan Quarry, American mixed martial arts fighter
• 1973 - Max Barry, Australian author
• 1973 - Luci Christian, American voice actress
• 1974 - Laure Savasta, French basketball player
• 1975 - Brian Griese, American football player
• 1975 - Tomas ?virg?dauskas, Lithuanian footballer
• 1975 - Sutton Foster, American actress, singer, and dancer
• 1975 - Rodleen Getsic, American musician, civil servant
• 1976 - Jovan Kirovski, American soccer player
• 1976 - Tomokazu Ohka, Japanese baseball player
• 1976 - Scott Podsednik, American baseball player
• 1976 - Michael Spillane, American wrestler, better known as Mike Quackenbush
• 1976 - Giovanna Antonelli, Brazilian actress
• 1977 - Danny Murphy, English footballer
• 1977 - Zdeno Chára, Slovak ice hockey player
• 1977 - Devin Lima, American singer
• 1977 - Willy Sagnol, French footballer
• 1977 - Terrmel Sledge, American baseball player
• 1977 - Fernando Rodney, Dominican baseball player
• 1978 - Khalilah Adams, American actress
• 1978 - Yoshie Takeshita, Japanese volleyball player
• 1978 - Jan Bulis, Czech ice hockey player
• 1978 - Jonas Wallerstedt, Swedish footballer
• 1979 - Adam Levine, American singer (Maroon 5)
• 1979 - Brandon Lee, American adult actor
• 1979 - Danneel Harris, American actress
• 1979 - Dramane Coulibaly, Malian footballer
• 1979 - Anthony Maher, American soccer player
• 1980 - Alexei Yagudin, Russian figure skater
• 1980 - Sophia Myles, English actress
• 1980 - Sebastien Frey, French footballer
• 1981 - Jang Nara, Korean singer and actress
• 1981 - Tora Berger, Norwegian biathlete
• 1981 - Kasib Powell, American basketball player
• 1982 - Chad Cordero, American baseball player
• 1982 - Timo Glock German Formula 1 driver
• 1982 - Pedro Mantorras, Angolan footballer
• 1983 - Andy Sonnanstine, American baseball player
• 1983 - Tomasz Stolpa, Polish footballer
• 1983 - Vince Young, American football player
• 1984 - Vonzell Solomon, American Idol Contestant
• 1985 - Vince Lia, Australian Footballer
• 1985 - Gennaro Esposito, Italian footballer
• 1986 - Bia Figueiredo, Brazilian racing driver
• 1986 - Abdennour Cherif El Ouazzani, Algerian footballer
• 1986 - Kaloyan Ivanov, Bulgarian basketball player
• 1987 - Mauro Zárate, Argentinian Footballer
• 1987 - Gabriel Mercado, Argentinian Footballer
• 1987 - Cesare Rickler, Italian footballer
• 1996 - Madeline Carroll, American actress

Deaths

• 978 - King Edward the Martyr of England
• 1227 - Pope Honorius III (b. 1148)
• 1314 - Jacques DeMolay, Frankish noble, the 23rd Grand Master of the Knights Templar (b.1244)
• 1583 - King Magnus of Livonia (b. 1540)
• 1584 - Tsar Ivan IV of Russia (b. 1530)
• 1675 - Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish soldier (b. 1606)
• 1689 - John Dixwell, English judge (b. 1607)
• 1696 - Robert Charnock, English conspirator
• 1745 - Sir Robert Walpole, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1676)
• 1746 - Anna Leopoldovna, regent of Russia (b. 1718)
• 1768 - Laurence Sterne, Irish writer (b. 1713)
• 1781 - Anne Robert Turgot, French statesman (b. 1727)
• 1823 - Jean-Baptiste Breval, French composer (b. 1753)
• 1835 - Christian Gunther von Bernstorff, Danish-Prussian statesman and diplomat (b. 1769)
• 1871 - Augustus De Morgan, Indian-born British mathematician and logician (b. 1806)
• 1898 - Matilda Joslyn Gage, American suffragist (b. 1826)
• 1907 - Marcellin Berthelot, French chemist and politician (b. 1827)
• 1913 - King George I of Greece (b. 1845)
• 1936 - Eleftherios Venizelos, Former Prime minister of Greece
• 1939 - Henry Simpson Lunn, English humanitarian and religious leader (b. 1859)
• 1941 - Henri Cornet, French cyclist (b. 1884)
• 1945 - William Grover-Williams, British racing driver
• 1947 - William C. Durant, American automobile pioneer (b. 1861)
• 1962 - Walter W. Bacon, Governor of Delaware (b. 1880)
• 1963 - Wanda Hawley, American actress (b. 1895)
• 1964 - Sigfrid Edström, Swedish sports official (b. 1870)
• 1965 - King Farouk I of Egypt (b. 1920)
• 1969 - Barbara Bates, American film actress (b. 1925)
• 1973 - Lauritz Melchior, Danish-born American opera singer (b. 1890)
• 1975 - Alain Grandbois, Quebec poet (b. 1900)
• 1976 - Giuseppe Genco Russo, Sicilian mafioso (b. 1893)
• 1977 - Marien Ngouabi, President of the Republic of the Congo (b. 1938)
• 1977 - José Carlos Pace, Brazilian racing driver (b. 1944)
• 1978 - Leigh Brackett, American author (b. 1915)
• 1978 - Peggy Wood, American actress (b. 1892)
• 1980 - Erich Fromm, German-born psychologist and philosopher (b. 1900)
• 1983 - King Umberto II of Italy, (b. 1904)
• 1983 - Kenneth E. Boulding, English economist (b. 1910)
• 1984 - Charlie Lau, American baseball player (b. 1933)
• 1986 - Bernard Malamud, American writer (b. 1914)
• 1988 - Billy Butterfield, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1917)
• 1990 - Robin Harris, American actor and comedian (b. 1953)
• 1995 - Robin Jacques, illustrator of children's books (b. 1920)
• 1996 - Odysseas Elytis, Greek poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
• 1999 - Elizabeth Huckaby, American educator (b. 1905)
• 2000 - Eberhard Bethge, German theologian (b. 1909)
• 2001 - John Phillips, American musician (The Mamas and the Papas) (b. 1935)
• 2002 - R.A. Lafferty, American science fiction writer (b. 1914)
• 2002 - Gösta Winbergh, Swedish tenor (b. 1943)
• 2003 - Karl Kling, German race car driver (b. 1910)
• 2003 - Adam Osborne, British computer pioneer (b. 1939)
• 2004 - Harrison McCain, Canadian businessman (b. 1927)
• 2006 - Bill Beutel, American journalist (b. 1930)
• 2006 - Michael Attwell, British actor (b. 1943)
• 2006 - Dan Gibson, musician (b. 1922)
• 2007 - Bob Woolmer, South African cricketer and Pakistan national coach (b. 1948)
• 2008 - Anthony Minghella, Film Director (b. 1954)
• 2008 - Andrew Britton, Author (b. 1981)

Holidays and observances

• Aruba - Flag Day (1976)
• Ancient Latvia - Bindus Diena
• Mothers Day (Nigeria)
• Mexico - Expropiación Petrolera
• Saint Cyril of Jerusalem (d.386)
• Saint Alexander of Jerusalem
• Saint Anselm of Lucca
• Saint Edward the Martyr (d.978)
• Saint Fridianus
• Saint Narcissus
• Saint Salvator
• Turkey - Memorial Day for the martyrs of The Battle of Gallipoli

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

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