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List of English monarchs
The Royal Arms of England, as introduced by King Richard the Lionheart in 1198, and before its later quarterings with other shields, additions of supporters and other embellishments
English monarchsHouse of MerciaThe first ruler to assume the title King of the English is sometimes said to be Offa in 774, who had been King of Mercia since 757, but this claim is based on charters forged in the 10th century.[1]
|width=auto| Offa 
Penny of Offa 5 children || 26 or 29 July 796 |- |} House of WessexThe continuous list traditionally starts with Egbert, King of Wessex from 802, the first King of Wessex to have overlordship over much of England.[2] He defeated the Mercians and became Bretwalda in 829. Permanent unity was not achieved until 927, under Athelstan.
|width=auto| Egbert 
Egbert son of Ealhmund of Kent[3] || Redburga 3 children[3] || 4 February 839 aged about 64[3] |- |width=auto| Ethelwulf (Æþelwulf) 5 February 839-856 || 
Ethelwulf son of Egbert and Redburga || (1) Osburga 6 children (2) Judith of Flanders 1 October 853 no children || 13 January 858 62 or 63[5] |- |width=auto| Ethelbald (Æþelbald) 856-860 || 
son of Ethelwulf and Osburga || Judith of Flanders no children || 20 December 860 aged about 29[6] |- |width=auto| Ethelbert (Æþelberht) 21 December 860-865 || 
Coin of Ethelbert son of Ethelwulf and Osburga || unknown 2 children || 865 aged about 30[7] |- |width=auto| Ethelred (Æþelræd) 865-871 || 
Coin of Ethelred son of Ethelwulf and Osburga || Wulfrida 868 2 children || 23 April 871 aged about 34[8] |- |width=auto| Alfred the Great (Ælfræd) 24 April 871?899[9] || 
Statue of Alfred the Great in Wantage Wantage son of Ethelwulf and Osburga[10] || Ealhswith Winchester 868 6 children[11] || 26 October 899 aged about 50[9] |- | Edward the Elder (Eadweard) 27 October 899?924[12] || 
Edward the Elder son of Alfred the Great and Ealhswith[13] || (1) Ecgwynn 893 3 children (2) Aelffaed c.902 10 children (3) Edgiva of Kent 905 4 children[14] || 17 July 924 Farndon, Cheshire aged about 50[12] |- |Elfward (Ælfweard) 18 July - 2 August 924 || No image available|| c.902 son of Edward the Elder and Aelffaed || unmarried || 2 August 924 aged about 22 |- | Athelstan the Glorious (Æþelstan) 3 August 924?939[15] || 
The tomb of King Athelstan in Malmesbury Abbey son of Edward the Elder and Ecgwynn[16] || unmarried[15] || 27 October 939 aged about 44[15] |- | Edmund the Magnificent (Eadmund) 28 October 939?946[17] || 
Imaginary portrait of Edmund I son of Edward the Elder and Edgiva of Kent[17] || (1) Elgiva 3 children (2) Æthelflæd of Damerham 944 no children[18] || 26 May 946 Pucklechurch aged about 25 (murdered)[17] |- | Edred (Eadred) 27 May 946?955[19] || 
Imaginary line engraving of Edred made by un unknown engraver after an unknown artist son of Edward the Elder and Edgiva of Kent[20] || unmarried[20] || 23 November 955 Frome aged about 32[21] |- | Edwy the Fair (Eadwig) 24 November 955?959[22] || 
Line engraving of Edwy made by an unknown engraver after an unknown artist son of Edmund the Magnificent and Elgiva[23] || Elgiva[22] || 1 October 959 aged about 19[22] |- | Edgar the Peaceable (Eadgar) 2 October 959?975[24] || 
King Edgar of England Wessex son of Edmund the Magnificent and Elgiva[25] || (1) Ethelflaed c.960 1 son (2) Ælfthryth c.964[25] 2 sons || 8 July 975 Winchester aged about 32[26] |- | Saint Edward the Martyr (Eadweard) 9 July 975?978[27] || 
St. Edward the Martyr son of Edgar the Peaceable and Ethelflaed[28] || unmarried || 18 March 978 Corfe Castle aged about 16 (assassinated)[27] |- | Ethelred the Unready (Æþelræd Unræd) 19 March 978?1016[29] || 
Image of Ethelred II with an oversize sword from the illuminated manuscript "The Chronicle of Abingdon" son of Edgar the Peaceable and Ælfthryth[30] || (1) Ælflaed of Northumbria 4 children (2) Aelgifu 991 6 children (3) Emma of Normandy 1002 3 children[31] || 23 April 1016 London aged about 48[29] |- | Edmund Ironside (Eadmund) 24 April – 30 November 1016[32] || 
Edmund Ironside son of Ethelred the Unready and Ælflaed of Northumbria[32] || Edith of East Anglia 2 children[33] || 30 November 1016 Glastonbury aged about 23[32][33] |} House of DenmarkEngland came under the rule of Danish kings following the reign of Ethelred the Unready. Some, though not all, of these were also kings of Denmark.
| Sweyn Forkbeard 
Sweyn Forkbeard, from an architectural element in the Swansea Guildhall, Swansea, Wales Denmark son of Harald Bluetooth and Gyrid Olafsdotti[36] || (1) Gunhilda of Poland c.990 7 children (2) Sigrid the Haughty c.1000 1 daughter[36] || 3 February 1014 Gainsborough aged about 54[36] |- | Canute (Knud) 1 December 1016?1035[37] || 
son of Sweyn Forkbeard[37] || (1) Aelgifu of Northampton 2 children (2) Emma of Normandy 1017[37] || 12 November 1035 Shaftesbury aged about 40[37] |- | Harold Harefoot (Harald) 13 November 1035?1040[38] || 
son of Canute and Aelgifu of Northampton[38] || Aelgifu 1 son[39] || 17 March 1040 Oxford aged about 23 or 24[38] |- | Harthacanute (Hardeknud) 18 June 1040?1042[40] || 
son of Canute and Emma of Normandy[39] || unknown || 8 June 1042 Lambeth aged about 24[39] |} House of Wessex (restored)The old West Saxon line was restored, but Edward the Confessor, who was later canonised, was more Norman than English in his sympathies.
| Saint Edward the Confessor House of NormandyIt was only after the Norman Conquest of 1066 that monarchs took regnal numbers in the French fashion, though the earlier custom of distinguishing monarchs by nicknames did not die out immediately.
| William I the Conqueror 
William the Conqueror depicted at the Battle of Hastings, on the Bayeux Tapestry Falaise Castle son of Robert II, Duke of Normandy and Herleva[44] || Matilda of Flanders Chapel Notre Dame of the castle in Eu, Normandy 1053 10 children[44] || 9 September 1087 St. Gervais in Rouen aged about 60[44]. Buried at Saint Etienne Abbey (Abbaye aux Hommes) of Caen |- | William II Rufus (Guillaume le Roux) 26 September 1087?1100[44] || 
William Rufus depicted in the Stowe Manuscript Normandy son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders[44] || unmarried || 2 August 1100 New Forest aged about 40[44] |- | Henry I (Henri Beauclerc) 5 August 1100?1135[45] || 
Henry I Selby son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders[45] || (1) Edith of Scotland Westminster Abbey 11 November 1100 4 children (2) Adeliza of Louvain Windsor Castle 29 January 1121 no children[45] || 1 December 1135 Castle of Lyons-la-Forêt (Saint-Denis-en-Lyons) aged 67[45]. Buried at Reading Abbey |- | Stephen (Étienne de Blois) 22 December 1135?1154[46] || 
Stephen Blois son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy[45] || Matilda of Boulogne Westminster 1125 5 children[45] || 25 October 1154 Dover Castle aged about 58[45] |- | Matilda/Maud (Mathilde ou Mahaut l'emperesse) 7 April?1 November 1141[47] || 
Matilda Sutton Courtenay only legitimate daughter of Henry I and Edith of Scotland[48] || (1) Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor Mainz 6 January 1114 no children (2) Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou Le Mans Cathedral 22 May 1128 4 children[47] || 10 September 1167 Notre Dame du Pré in Rouen aged 65[47] |} House of PlantagenetThe early Plantagenets ruled many territories in France, and did not regard England as their primary home until after most of their French possessions were lost by King John. This long-lived dynasty is usually divided into three houses: the Angevins, the House of Lancaster, and the House of York. Angevins
| Henry II 
Henry II Le Mans son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda[49] || Eleanor of Aquitaine Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152 8 children[49] || 6 July 1189 Château Chinon aged 56[49]. Buried at Fontevraud Abbey |- | Henry the Young King (coregent with his father) 14 June 1170?1183 ||  || 28 February 1155
son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine
|| Marguerite of FranceWinchester Cathedral 27 August 1172 1 child || 11 June 1183 Martel, Limoges aged 28. Buried at Rouen Cathedral (Notre-Dame) |- | Richard I the Lionheart (Richard C?ur de Lion) 3 September 1189?1199[49] || 
Richard the Lionheart, an illustration from a 12th century codex Beaumont Palace son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine[49] || Berengaria of Navarre Limassol 12 May 1191 no children[49] || 6 April 1199 Chalus aged 41[49]. Buried: Heart at Rouen Cathedral. Body at Fontevraud Abbey |- | John Lackland (Jean Sans Terre) 27 May 1199?1216[50] || 
Tomb effigy of John Beaumont Palace son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine[50] || (1) Isabel of Gloucester Marlborough Castle 29 August 1189 no children (2) Isabella of Angoulême Bordeaux Cathedral 24 August 1200 5 children[50] || 19 October 1216 Newark Castle aged 48[50] Buried at Worcester Cathedral |- | Henry III 28 October 1216?1272[51] || 
The effigy of Henry III in Westminster Abbey Winchester Castle son of John and Isabella of Angoulême[51] || Eleanor of Provence Canterbury Cathedral 14 January 1236 9 children[51] || 16 November 1272 Westminster Palace aged 65[51] |- | Edward I Longshanks 20 November 1272?1307[52] || 
Westminster Palace son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence[52] || (1) Eleanor of Castile Abbey of Las Huelgas 18 October 1254 17 children (2) Marguerite of France 10 September 1299 3 children[52] || 7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands aged 68[52] |- | Edward II 7 July 1307 – 25 January 1327[53] || 
Modern depiction of Edward II Caernarfon Castle son of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile[53] || Isabella of France Boulogne Cathedral 25 January 1308 5 children[53] || 21 September 1327 Berkeley Castle aged 43 (murdered)[53] |- | Edward III 25 January 1327?1377[54] || 
The effigy of Edward III in Westminster Abbey Windsor Castle son of Edward II and Isabella of France[54] || Philippa of Hainault York Minster 24 January 1328 14 children[54] || 21 June 1377 Sheen Palace aged 64[54] |- | Richard II 21 June 1377 – 29 September 1399[55] || 
Richard II, by André Beauneveu, 1390s Bordeaux son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan of Kent[55] || (1) Anne of Bohemia 14 January 1382 no children (2) Isabella of Valois Calais 4 November 1396 no children[55] || 6 January 1400 Pontefract Castle aged 33[55] |} House of Lancaster
| Henry IV Bolingbroke 
Henry IV Bolingbroke Castle son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster[56] || (1) Mary de Bohun Arundel Castle 27 July 1380 7 children (2) Joanna of Navarre Winchester Cathedral 7 February 1403 no children[56] || 20 March 1413 Westminster Abbey aged 45 or 46[57] |- | Henry V 20 March 1413?1422[56] || 
Henry V Monmouth Castle son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun[56] || Catherine of Valois Troyes Cathedral 2 June 1420 1 son[56] || 31 August 1422 Château de Vincennes aged 35[56] |- | Henry VI 31 August 1422 – 4 March 30 October 1461 1470 – 11 April 1471[58] || 
Henry VI Windsor Castle son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois[58] || Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son[58] || 21 May 1471 Tower of London aged 49 (murdered)[58] |} House of York
| Edward IV 
Edward IV Rouen son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville[59] || Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 10 children[59] || 9 April 1483 Westminster Palace aged 40[59] |- | Edward V 9 April?25 June 1483[60] || 
Edward V Westminster son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville[60] || unmarried || c. 1483 London aged about 12 (traditionally murdered)[61] |- | Richard III 26 June 1483?1485[62] || 
Richard III Fotheringhay Castle son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville[63] || Anne Neville Westminster Abbey 12 July 1472 1 son[63] || 22 August 1485 Bosworth Field aged 32 (killed in battle)[63] |} House of TudorThe Tudors were of Welsh ancestry, and in 1536 Wales was fully incorporated into the English state (having been under English control since 1284). With Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church, the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Elizabeth I's title became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
| Henry VII House of StuartFollowing the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue, the Scottish king, James VI, succeeded to the English throne as James I in what became known as the Union of the Crowns. In 1604 he adopted the title King of Great Britain, although the two kingdoms remained separate.
| James I CommonwealthThere was no reigning monarch between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Despite this, from 1653 the following individuals held power as Lords Protector, during the period known as the Protectorate.
| Oliver Cromwell 
Oliver Cromwell, an unfinished portrait miniature by Samuel Cooper Huntingdon[71] son of Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Stewart[72] || Elizabeth Bourchier St Giles[73] 22 August 1620 9 children[71] || 3 September 1658 Whitehall aged 59[71] |- | Richard Cromwell ("Tumbledown Dick") 3 September 1658 – 7 May 1659[74] || 
Richard Cromwell, c.1650 Huntingdon son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier[74] || Dorothy Maijor May 1649 0 children[74] || 12 July 1712 Cheshunt aged 85[75] |} House of Stuart (restored)Although the monarchy was restored in 1660, no stable settlement proved possible until the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when parliament finally asserted the right to choose whomsoever it pleased as monarch.
| Charles II 
St. James's Palace son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France[76] || Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth 21 May 1662 3 children (none survived infancy)[76] || 6 February 1685 Whitehall Palace aged 54[76] |- | James II 6 February 1685 – 23 December 1688[77] || 
St. James's Palace son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France[77] || (1) Anne Hyde The Strand 3 September 1660 8 children (2) Mary of Modena Dover 21 November 1673 7 children[77] || 16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye aged 67[77] |- | William III (Willem Hendrik, Prins van Oranje) 13 February 1689?1702[78] || .jpg)
The Hague son of William II, Prince of Orange and Mary Stuart[79] || rowspan=2 | St James's Palace 4 November 1677 3 children (none survived infancy)[78] || 8 March 1702 Kensington Palace aged 51[78] |- | Mary II 13 February 1689?1694[77] || 
St James's Palace daughter of James II and Anne Hyde[77] || 28 December 1694 Kensington Palace aged 32[77] |- | Anne 8 March 1702-1707[80] Great Britain 1 May 1707-1714 || 
St James's Palace daughter of James II and Anne Hyde[81] || George of Denmark St James's Palace 28 July 1683 17 children[81] || 1 August 1714 Kensington Palace aged 49[81] |} England and Scotland entered into legislative and governmental union on 1 May 1707 under the Acts of Union 1707, though retained separate legal systems and other attributes thereafter. For the continuation of this list, therefore, go to List of British monarchs. TitlesThe standard title for all monarchs from Alfred the Great until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum ("King of the English"). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:
In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with occasional use of Rex Anglie ("King of England"). Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum ("Lady of the English"). From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex Anglie, or Regina Anglie ("Queen of England") if female. In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne (who was of course Queen of Great Britain rather than king).[82] NotesSee also
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