Iron Crown of Lombardy, used in Italian coronations from the Lombard era to the 19th century.
There have been several distinct entities known as the Kingdom of Italy. Italy under the rule of Odoacer from 476 to 493 is often called the kingdom of Italy, since it encompassed the Roman province of Italy and Odoacer is periodically (though always unofficially) styled rex (king). The Ostrogothic Kingdom that replaced Odoacer's rule in Italy is also sometimes referred to as a "kingdom of Italy". The term rex Italiae (king of Italy) came into use with the Ostrogoths. The other kingdoms of Italy were more formal:
At first a Lombard state established in 568. It was conquered by the Franks in 774 and formed a part of the Carolingian Empire and Middle Francia, but always with its own kings. It enjoyed a period of independence from any higher authority after the fall of Carolingian Empire until Otto the Great, already King of Germany, inherited its throne, a formative moment in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. Thereafter the kingdom was tethered to Germany as a part of the Empire, but its importance as a separate polity declined in the High Middle Ages and by the Renaissance it had ceased to function, though it had a nominal existence until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806.
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