Kashmiri (?????, ????? Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Jammu and Kashmir state of India.^[1][2][3] It has about 4,391,000 speakers in India. The 105,000 or so speakers in Pakistan are mostly Immigrants from the Kashmir Valley to Pakistan and include only a few speakers residing in border villages in the Neelum District of Azad Kashmir.^[4] Kashmiri belongs to the geographical linguistic sub-grouping called Dardic part of the Indo-European Language Family.^[5] It is one of the 23 scheduled languages of India.^[6]

Kashmiri is the state official language of Jammu and Kashmir and also one of the national languages of India. Some Kashmiri speakers use English or Urdu as a second language.^[4] In the past few decades, Kashmiri was introduced as a subject at the university and the colleges of the valley. At present, attempts are on for inclusion of Kashmiri in school curriculum.

Literature

In 1919 George Abraham Grierson wrote that ?Kashmiri is the only one of the Dardic languages that has a literature?. Kashmiri literature dates back to over 750 years, this is, more-or-less, the age of many a modern literature including English.

Writing system

Kashmiri has remained a spoken language up to the present times, though some manuscripts were written in the past in the Sharada script, and then in Perso-Arabic script. Currently, Kashmiri is written in either the Perso-Arabic script (with some modifications) or the Devanagari script. Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is practically unique, in that it regularly indicates all vowel sounds.^[7]

Grammar

Kashmiri, like English, follows Subject Verb Object word order.^[8]

There are four cases in Kashmiri: nominative, genitive, and two oblique cases.^[9]

References

1. ↑
2. ↑
3. ↑
4. ↑ ^{a b}
5. ↑
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8. ↑
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See also

• Kashmiri literature
• List of topics on the land and the people of ?Jammu and Kashmir?
• List of Kashmiri poets
• Neab International Kashmiri Magazine

External links

• Grierson, George Abraham. A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1932.
• ''Lexical Borrowings in Kashmiri'' by Ashok K KoulDelhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies,2008.
• ''Linguistic Studies in Kashmiri'' by Omkar N Koul New Delhi: Bahri Publications, 1977.
• ''Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics'' edited by Omkar N Koul and Peter Edwin Hook New Delhi: Bahri Publications, 1984.
• Kashmir history & Culture
• ''An Intensive Course in Kashmiri'' by Omkar N Koul Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1985.
• ''An Intermediate Course in Kashmiri'' by Omkar N. Koul Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1994.
• ''Kashmiri: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar'' by Kashi Wali and Omkar N Koul London: Routledge 1997.
• ''Kashmiri-English Dictionary for Second Language Learners'' by Omkar N. Koul, S. N. Raina and R. K. Bhat Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 2000.
• An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri
• Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kasmiri
• Basic words and phrases in Kashmiri language
• Kashmiri literary magazine
• Kashmiri online newspaper
• Kashmiri

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