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Ishmael
Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness, by Karel Dujardin Both Jewish and Islamic traditions consider Ishmael as the ancestor of Arab people.[1] Judaism has generally viewed Ishmael as wicked though repentant.[1] Judaism maintains that Isaac (the father of the Jewish people) rather than Ishmael was the true heir of Abraham.[3] The New Testament contains few references to Ishmael. Biblically, Ishmael is used to symbolize the older - now rejected - Judaic tradition; Isaac symbolizes the new tradition of Christianity.[1] Islamic tradition, however, has a very positive view of Ishmael, giving him a larger and more significant role. The Qur'an views him as a prophet. According to the interpretation of some early theologians whose view prevailed later, Ishmael was the actual son that Abraham was called on to sacrifice, as opposed to Isaac.[1][4]
Etymology and meaningCognates of Hebrew Yishm'e'l existed in various ancient Semitic cultures.[1] For example, it is known that the name was used in early Babylonian and in Minćan.[2] It is translated literally as "God has hearkened", suggesting that "a child so named was regarded as the fulfillment of a divine promise."[1] Hebrew BibleSee also: Account of Isaac in the Hebrew Bible 
The dismissal of Hagar, by Pieter Pietersz Lastman 
Expulsion of Ishmael and His Mother, from Gustave Doré's illustrated Bible of 1866. Chapters 16-25 of the book of Genesis contain the stories of Ishmael.[2] Historians and academics in the fields of linguistics and source criticism believe that the stories of Ishmael belong to the three strata of J, or Yahwist source, the P, or Priestly source, and the E, or Elohist source (See Documentary hypothesis).[2]For example, The narration in is of J type and the narration in is of E type.[5] According to the Bible, Sarah (Abraham's wife) was childless, yet desired a son. She offers her maidservant Hagar to Abraham as a surrogate. Customs of the time dictated that, although Hagar was the birth mother, any child conceived would belong to Sarah and Abraham.[3][6] Hagar became pregnant and proud of herself, which resulted in harsh treatment by Sarah. Hagar fled and ran into the wilderness, where an angel appeared to her by a spring of water.[3] The angel of the Lord told her to return, adding that God would increase her descendants through a son whose name would be Ishmael. The angel told Hagar that Ishmael would become "a wild donkey of a man" and would be in constant struggle with others.[3] "And the angel of the Lord said unto her, Behold, thou art with child, and shalt bear a son, and shalt call his name Ishmael; because the Lord hath heard thy affliction. And he will be a wild man; his hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him;" KJV Bible So Hagar returned to Abraham's house, and had a son whom she named Ishmael.[3] Abraham was 86 years old when Ishmael was born.[7] Abraham, obeying God's commandment, circumcised Ishmael when he was thirteen.[8] The next year, Abraham's wife Sarah became pregnant with his second son, Isaac.[3] One day Sarah was angered by seeing Ishmael mocking or playing with Isaac (the Hebrew word is ambiguous[9]),[2] and she asked Abraham to expel him and his mother, saying: "Get rid of that slave woman and her son, for that slave woman's son will never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac."[3][10] Ishmael was very dear to Abraham. He initially refused to do as Sarah asked.[2] He finally gave in to his wife's request when God told him that He would take care of Ishmael, since he was a descendant of Abraham.[8][11] Abraham provided Hagar and her child with bread and a bottle of water and sent her into the desert of Paran.[8][12] Hagar, with her son, wandered in the wilderness and ran out of water. When they were reduced to great distress, an angel appeared and showed Hagar a spring of water saying "What is the matter, Hagar? Do not be afraid; God has heard the boy crying as he lies there. Lift the boy up and take him by the hand, for I will make him into a great nation."[8][13] They lived in the wilderness of Paran, where Hagar's son became an expert in archery. His mother married him to an Egyptian woman.[8] According to the Bible, Ishmael had 12 sons who became twelve tribal chiefs. The twelve sons of Ishmael, were named Nebaioth, Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam, Mishma, Dumah, Massa, Hadad, Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah (See )[2] Ishmael's sons settled everywhere from Havilah to Shur, i.e. from Assyria to the border of Egypt.[8] Ishmael also had a daughter named Mahalath or Bashemath who married Esau..[14] Ishmael also appears with Isaac at the burial of Abraham.[8][15] Ishmael died at the age of 137.[2] "And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, which she had born unto Abraham, mocking. Wherefore she said unto Abraham, Cast out this bondwoman and her son: for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son, even with Isaac." Gen 17:9-10 KJV Bible; " Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise. But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now. Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the freewoman. So then, brethren, we are not children of the bondwoman, but of the free." Gal 4:28-31 KJV Bible Jewish traditions
Judaism has generally viewed Ishmael as wicked though repentant.[1] According to the Haggadah Ishmael was as an idolater and a "brother-hater, who becomes ill from Sarah's evil eye."[16] Ishmael later repents and comes to revere his brother Isaac.[16] In some Rabbinic traditions Ishmael is said to have had two wives named Aisha and Fatima. Those names correspond to the Muslim tradition for the names of Muhammad's wife and daughter.[1] This is understood as a metaphoric representation of the Muslim world (first Arabs and then Turks) with Ishmael.[17] The Talmud also mentions God's regret over Ishmael.[18] The Israelites regarded the supposedly freedom-loving and bellicose descendants of Ishmael as inferior because Abraham had expelled Ishmael and his mother.[16][1] New TestamentAccording to the Genesis account, Ishmael and his mother were expelled at the instigation of Sarah, in order to make sure that Isaac would be Abraham's heir. In the book of Galatians, Paul uses the incident "to symbolize the relationship between Judaism, the older but now rejected tradition, and Christianity." (Gal 4:21-31)[1] In Galatians 4:28-31,[19] Hagar is associated with the Sinai covenant, while Sarah is associated with the covenant of grace (into which her son Isaac enters).[20] Islam
Ishmael (Arabic: Ism?'?l) is a prophet in Islam. The Qur'an considers him to be a son of Abraham.[21] His name appears twelve times in the Qur'an mostly in a list[22] with other prophets "as part of a litany of remembrances in which the pre-Islamic prophets are praised for their resolute steadfastness and obedience to God, often in the face of adversity."[23] Both Jewish and Islamic traditions consider Ishmael as the ancestor of Arab people. According to the Muslim tradition, Muhammad was a descendant of Ishmael through his son Kedar.[8] 
Picture of the Kaaba taken in 1880.
Islamic traditions hold that the Ka'aba was rebuilt by Abraham and Ishmael. The Qur'an states that Abraham was commanded to sacrifice his son. The son is not named in the Qur'an (see ) and in early Islam, there was a controversy over the son's identity. However the belief that the son was Ishmael prevailed, and this view is continued to be endorsed by Muslim scholars.[4] The argument of those Muslims who believed in the Ishmael theory was that "the promise to Sarah of Isaac followed by Jacob () excluded the possibility of a sacrifice of Isaac."[4] The other party held that the son of sacrifice was Isaac since "God's perfecting his mercy on Abraham and Isaac (in ) referred to his making Abraham his friend and saving him from the burning bush and to his rescuing Isaac.".[4] According to Bruce Metzger and Michael Coogan, professors of Religious Studies, the circumcision of Muslims has its roots in the tradition that Ishmael was circumcised.[25] Bahá'í FaithThe Bahá'í writings state that it was Ishmael, and not Isaac, who was the son of Abraham almost sacrificed.[26] However, the Bahá'í writings also state that the name is unimportant as either could be used: the importance is that both were symbols of sacrifice.[27] The Bahá'í writings also consider Ishmael an ancestor of Muhammad and the Arabs.[28] According to Shoghi Effendi, there has also been another Ishmael, this one a prophet of Israel[29] NotesReferences
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ar:??????? ca:Ismael cs:Izmael da:Ismael de:Ismael es:Ismael eo:I?mael fa:??????? fr:Ismaël id:Isma'il it:Ismaele he:?????? ms:Nabi Ismail a.s. nl:Ismaël ja:?????? no:Ismail pl:Izmael (syn Abrahama) pt:Ismael ro:Ismael ru:?????? (? ??????) simple:Ishmael fi:Ismael sv:Ismael tr:?smail uk:?????? (?????????) ur:??????? ???? ?????? zh:???? Source: Wikipedia | The above article is available under the GNU FDL. | Edit this article
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