Ira Hamilton Hayes (January 12, 1923 ? January 24, 1955) was an Akimel O'odham, or Pima Native American, and an enrolled member of the Gila River Indian Community. A veteran of World War II's Battle of Iwo Jima, Hayes was trained as a Paramarine in the United States Marine Corps (USMC), and became one of five Marines, along with a United States Navy corpsman, immortalized in the iconic photograph of the flag raising on Iwo Jima.^[1][2]

Biography

The son of Joe E. and Nancy W. Hayes, Ira Hayes was born on the Gila River Indian Reservation in Sacaton, Arizona. Hayes left school and enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserves on August 24, 1942.

After completing recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, Hayes trained as a paratrooper at Marine Corps Base San Diego and was nicknamed Chief Falling Cloud. On December 2, 1942, he joined Company B, 3rd Parachute Battalion, Divisional Special Troops, 3rd Marine Division, at Camp Elliott, California. On March 14, 1943, Hayes sailed for New Caledonia with the 3rd Parachute Battalion. Hayes first saw combat on Bougainville. He returned home briefly on leave, after which his family said years afterward he was a changed man, more serious.

The Marine Corps parachute units were disbanded in February, and Hayes was transferred to Company E, 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines, 5th Marine Division at Camp Pendleton. From September 1944, Hayes sailed to Hawaii for further training.

Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, by Joe Rosenthal/AP

Hayes on far left

The Flag on Iwo Jima

On February 19, 1945, Hayes took part in the landing on Iwo Jima. He then participated in the battle for the island and was among the group of Marines that took Mount Suribachi five days later, on February 23, 1945.

The raising of the second American flag on Suribachi by six Marines, Ira Hayes, Rene Gagnon, Harlon Block, Franklin Sousley, and Mike Strank, and a Navy Corpsman, John Bradley, was immortalized by photographer Joe Rosenthal and became an icon of the war. Overnight, Hayes (on the far left of the photograph) became a national hero, along with the two other survivors of the famous photograph, Rene Gagnon and John Bradley. Hayes's story drew particular attention because he was Native American.

Rank and medals

Hayes was promoted to the rank of Corporal before being discharged from the Marine Corps. His decorations and medals include the following:

• American Campaign Medal,
• Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four stars (for Vella Lavella, Bougainville, Consolidation of the Northern Solomons, and Iwo Jima),
• Combat Action Ribbon,
• Navy Commendation Medal with "V" combat device,
• Parachutist Badge,
• Presidential Unit Citation with one star (for Iwo Jima),
• World War II Victory Medal.

Post World War II

After the war, Hayes attempted to lead a normal life, unsuccessfully. "I kept getting hundreds of letters. And people would drive through the reservation, walk up to me and ask, 'Are you the Indian who raised the flag on Iwo Jima'?" He rarely spoke about the flag raising, but spoke often with great pride about his time in the Marine Corps.

After returning home from the war, Hayes remained troubled that one of his friends, Harlon Block (one of the flagraisers, killed in action days after the event), was mistaken for another man, Hank Hansen. Hayes later hitchhiked 1300 miles from his Pima Indian reservation to Ed Block's farm in Texas, to reveal the truth to Block's family. He was instrumental in having the controversy resolved, to the delight and gratitude of the Block family.

Ira Hayes appeared in the 1949 John Wayne film, Sands of Iwo Jima, along with fellow flag raisers John Bradley and Rene Gagnon. All three men played themselves in the movie. Wayne hands the flag to be raised to the three men. (The actual flag that was raised on Mount Suribachi is used in the film.)

After the war, Hayes accumulated a record of some fifty arrests for drunkenness.^[3] Referring to his alcoholism, he once said: "I was sick. I guess I was about to crack up thinking about all my good buddies. They were better men than me and they're not coming back. Much less back to the White House, like me."

In 1954, after a ceremony where he was lauded by President Eisenhower as a hero, a reporter rushed up to him and asked him, "How do you like the pomp and circumstance?" Hayes hung his head and said, "I don't."

The cover of the 1961 British edition of The Outsider by William Bradford Huie

Hayes' disquiet about his unwanted fame and his subsequent postwar problems were first recounted in detail by the author William Bradford Huie in The Outsider, published in 1959 as part of his collection Wolf Whistle and Other Stories. The Outsider was filmed in 1961.^[4]

A book published in 2000 by James Bradley, called Flags of Our Fathers, documents that Hayes suffered greatly from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the years following the war. The disorder, now known to be common among combat veterans, did not receive major attention until the 1960s when Audie Murphy, the most decorated U.S. combat soldier of World War II, spoke out publicly for more studies into the disorder.

Death

Ira Hayes' tombstone.

Hayes is buried in Section 34 of Arlington National Cemetery. At the funeral, fellow flag-raiser Rene Gagnon said of him: "Let's say he had a little dream in his heart that someday the Indian would be like the white man — be able to walk all over the United States."

Commemoration

Hayes' tragic story was immortalized in a song, "The Ballad of Ira Hayes," by Peter LaFarge. Covers of this song were done by Johnny Cash, Kris Kristofferson, Smiley Bates, Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan, Kinky Friedman, Tom Russell, Hazel Dickens, Patrick Sky, and Townes Van Zandt. In 1964, Cash took the song to number 3 on the Billboard country music chart.

On November 10, 1993, the United States Marine Corps held a ceremony at the Iwo Jima Memorial commemorating the anniversary of the Corps. Of Ira Hayes, USMC Commandant General Carl Mundy said:

Portrayal in film

• Ira Hayes appeared as himself in the 1949 John Wayne film, Sands of Iwo Jima.
• In the 1960 telefilm The American, he was played by Marine veteran Lee Marvin.
• Tony Curtis played Hayes in the 1961 film The Outsider.^[4]
• Hayes was portrayed by Adam Beach in the 2006 movie Flags of Our Fathers, directed by Clint Eastwood. The movie was based on the 2000 bestselling book of the same name by James Bradley and Ron Powers.

Monuments and memorials

• The rearmost figure in the USMC War Memorial.
• Hayes Peak, the northernmost mountain in the Sierra Estrella.

See also

• Native Americans and World War II
• PTSD
• Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
• Shadow of Suribachi: Raising The Flags on Iwo Jima
• Survivor guilt

References

1. ↑
2. ↑
3. ↑
4. ↑ ^{a b}

Books about Ira Hayes

• Flags of Our Fathers, by James Bradley, Hardcover, Bantam, 2000, ISBN 0-553-11133-7
• Quiet Hero: The Ira Hayes Story written and illustrated by S. D. Nelson, (Lee & Low Books, 2006) ISBN 978-1-58430-263-6.
• The Outsider and Other Stories, by William Bradford Huie, Panther Books, GB 1961, originally published in the USA 1959, by Signet as Wolf Whistle and Other Stories)

External links

• Gila River Indian Community official website
• Peter LaFarge Biography
• The Flag Raisers on Iwojima.com

ca:Ira Hayes de:Ira Hayes fr:Ira Hayes nl:Ira Hayes pl:Ira Hayes sv:Ira Hayes