The 2008 Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom. Blue is Free, Green is Mostly Free, Yellow is Moderately Free, Orange is Mostly Not Free, Red is Not Free, Grey is ungraded

History

The Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal created the Index of Economic Freedom in 1995 based on economic theories like Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations, explaining that "basic institutions that protect the liberty of individuals to pursue their own economic interests result in greater prosperity for the larger society."^{[1] [2]} It was the first economic freedom index released, although the Frasier Institute released Economic Freedom of the World a year later after 10 years of research with the help of economist Milton Friedman, who set out to show that economic freedom does actually track with high levels of prosperity,.^[3][2]"the man on the moon"/>

Methodology

The Index's 2008 definition of economic freedom is the following; "The highest form of economic freedom provides an absolute right of property ownership, fully realized freedoms of movement for labor, capital, and goods, and an absolute absence of coercion or constraint of economic liberty beyond the extent necessary for citizens to protect and maintain liberty itself." ^[4]

The index scores nations on 10 broad factors of economic freedom using statistics from organizations like the World Bank, the IMF and the Economist Intelligence Unit:

• Business Freedom
• Trade Freedom
• Monetary Freedom
• Freedom from Government
• Fiscal Freedom
• Property Rights
• Investment Freedom
• Financial Freedom
• Freedom from Corruption
• Labor Freedom

The 10 factors are averaged equally into a total score. Each one of the 10 freedoms is graded using a scale from 0 to 100, where 100 represents the maximum freedom. A score of 100 signifies an economic environment or set of policies that is most conducive to economic freedom.^[4] The methodology has shifted and changed as new data and measurements have become available, especially in the area of Labor freedom, which was given its own indicator spot in 2007.^[2] Carl Schramm, who wrote the first chapter of the 2008 Index, recounts how cities of Medieval Italy and mid-19th century Midwestern American cities all flourished to the degree they possessed economic fluidity and institutional adaptiveness created by economic freedom.^[6]

Ratings

Since 1995, world Economic Freedom has increased 2.6 points using the 2008 index methodology.^[7] There was a slight increase in economic freedom in 2008, with the largest positive change in Egypt, which jumped to 85th in the world.^[8] Since the Index was created in 1995, Hong Kong has been the top performing economy.^[9]

Reception

An overview of research can be found here http://www.ratioinstitutet.nu/pdf/wp/nb_efi.pdf, including studies claiming to show that more economic freedom is the cause of beneficial effects. It also states that Economic Freedom of the World has been used in most of the academic research, partly because Index of Economic Freedom only goes back to 1995 and because it uses more subjective variables.

The Millennium Challenge Account, a US government foreign aid program, has used the Trade freedom indicator in determining which countries will receive their performance-based compacts.^[10]

Critics, such as Jeffrey Sachs, have criticised its assumption that economic openness necessarily leads to better growth. Sachs, in his popular book The End of Poverty, graphed countries' ratings on the index against GDP per capita growth between 1995 and 2003, claiming to demonstrate no correlation between a countries' rating and its rate of economic. Sachs pointed out, as examples, that countries with good ratings such as Switzerland and Uruguay had sluggish economic performances, others, like China, with poorer rating had very strong economic growth.^[11]

Some have also questioned its methodology, such as the country of Qatar which questioned the rating of their country's economic freedom in 2008, comparing its middling rating with the high rating they had received from other indicators such as Transparency International and Moody's. They also noted that the methodology had changed twice in the last two years, rendering its report "unreliable".^[12] Many Asian nations have expressed puzzlement at why China has grown so much with such a low rate of economic freedom, to which the foundation stated that in the 1960's, their rating would have been near zero, and as it is now 54, and has gone up by, on average, a point a year, there is massive growth being unleashed as they grow as much as their current level of freedom allows.^[13] Another article, from Ludwig von Mises Institute, explained some of the failings of the study to show just how free certain countries actually were.^[14]

See also

• Index of Economic Freedom 2003-2006
• List of indices of freedom
• List of countries by economic freedom

References

External links

• Index of Economic Freedom

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