Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
In human genetics, 'Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups' are haplogroups defined by differences in the DNA of the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA).
Y-DNA haplogroups are lettered A through R, and are further subdivided using numbers and lower case letters. Y chromosome haplogroup designations are established by the Y Chromosome Consortium ref|ycc.
Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to the male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. Note that while patrilinear separation of living humans dates to about 80,000 years ago (80 kya), the matrilinear tree preserves considerably older lineages, separation of living humans dating to ca. 150 kya.
Major haplogroups
Major Y-chromosome haplogroups include:
Table view
Y-DNA
Groups A and B
Haplogroups A and B are only found in sub-Saharan Africa (and in populations extracted from there in modern times, primarily via Atlantic slave trade). The first to branch off was A, with defining mutation M91. All other haplogroups are summarized as BR (also referred to as YxA).
Groups with mutation M168 (CR)
The defining mutation separating CR (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are M168 and M294. These mutations predate the "Out of Africa" migration. The defining mutations of DE probably occurred in North Eastern Africa some 50 kya.
Groups descended from Haplogroup F (GR)
The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The mutation of IJ corresponds to a second Out of Africa wave some 45 kya that subsequently spread into Europe (Cro-Magnon).
Haplogroup G originated in the Middle East or Caucasus, or perhaps further east as far as Pakistan some 30 kya, and spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution. Haplogroup H probably ocurred in India some 30-40 kya, and remains prevalent there, spreading westwards in historical times with the gypsy migration. Haplogroup K probably originated in southwestern Asia and spread widely to Africa, Eurasia, Australia and the South Pacific.
Groups descended from Haplogroup K (LR)
Haplogroup L is mainly found in South Asia. Haplogroup M is most prevalent in Papua New Guinea. The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 kya in Central Asia.
Haplogroup N probably originated in Mongolia and spread both east into Siberia and west, being the most common group found in Uralic peoples. Haplogroup O is found in East Asia and the South Pacific. Haplogroup P gave rise to groups Q and R, and is rarely found in its undifferentiated stage. It probably originated in Central Asia or the Altai region. Haplogroup Q also originated in Central Asia, migrating east to North America.
Haplogroup R
main|Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)
The bulk of haplogroup R is represented in lineages R1a and R1b.
R1a likely originated in the Eurasian Steppes, and is associated with the Kurgan culture and Proto-Indo-European expansion. It is primarily found in Central and Western Asia, India, and the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. R1b originated prior to or during the last glaciation, when it was concentrated in refugia in southern Europe. It is most commonly found in European populations, especially in the west of Ireland.
See also
References
External links
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Category:Genetic genealogy
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