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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
World distribution of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups The Y Chromosome Consortium has established a system of defining Y-DNA haplogroups by letters A through to T, with further subdivisions using numbers and lower case letters. Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to a theoretical male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. Estimations of the date of this common ancestor have varied significantly in different studies.
Major haplogroupsMajor Y-chromosome haplogroups include: Table viewGroups A and BHaplogroups A and B are only found in sub-Saharan Africa (and in populations extracted from there in modern times, primarily via Atlantic slave trade). The first to branch off was A, with defining mutation M91. All other haplogroups are summarized as BT (also referred to as YxA).
Groups with mutation M168 (CT)The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are M168 and M294. These mutations predate the "Out of Africa" migration. The defining mutations of DE probably occurred in Northeastern Africa some 50,000 years ago. The P143 mutation that defines Haplogroup CF may have occurred somewhat earlier, perhaps even as early as 55,000 years ago, after the first Out of Africa migration brought Homo sapiens to the southern coast of Southwest Asia.
Groups descended from Haplogroup F (GT)
The diversion of Haplogroup F and its descendants.
Groups descended from Haplogroup K (LT)Haplogroup L is mainly found in South Asia. Haplogroup M is most prevalent in Papua New Guinea. The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in Central Asia. Haplogroup N probably originated in Mongolia and spread both east into Siberia and west, being the most common group found in Uralic peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia. Haplogroup P gave rise to groups Q and R, and is rarely found in its undifferentiated stage. It probably originated in Central Asia or the Altai region. Haplogroup Q also originated in Central Asia, migrating east to North America.
Groups descended from Haplogroup NO (M214)The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in Central Asia. Haplogroup N probably originated in Mongolia and spread both east into Siberia and west, being the most common group found in Uralic peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia.
Groups descended from Haplogroup P (M45)Haplogroup Q is a branch of haplogroup P (M45). It is believed to have arisen in Siberia or Central Asia approximately 35-40 000 years ago. Haplogroup Q is closely related to haplogroup R (M207), as both Groups Q and R share a common marker (M45).
The bulk of Haplogroup R is represented in lineages R1a and R1b. R1a likely originated in the Eurasian Steppes, and is associated with the Kurgan culture and Proto-Indo-European expansion. It is primarily found in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. R1b originated prior to or during the last glaciation, when it was concentrated in refugia in southern Europe; it is also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia and Africa. Some form of R1b, perhaps R1b1* (P25), probably migrated westward to populate Western Europe around 35,000 ybp. Its subclade R1b1c (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern European populations, especially those of Western Europe.
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ca:Haplogrups del cromosoma Y humà cs:Haploskupiny chromozómu Y lidské DNA es:Haplogrupos del cromosoma Y humano it:Aplogruppi del cromosoma Y pt:Haplogrupos do cromossoma Y humano sr:?????? Y-???????? ??? ?????????? zh:??Y???DNA????? Source: Wikipedia | The above article is available under the GNU FDL. | Edit this article
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