Howard Gardner (born July 11, 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania) is an American psychologist who is based at New York University. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences^[1]. In 1981, he was awarded a MacArthur Prize Fellowship.

Multiple intelligences

Multiple intelligences is an idea that maintains there exist many different types of "intelligences" ascribed to human beings. In response to the question of whether or not measures of intelligence are scientific, Gardner suggests that each individual manifests varying levels of different intelligences, and thus each person has a unique "cognitive profile." The theory was first laid out in Gardner's 1983 book, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, and has been further refined in subsequent years.

Primary Works

Gardner is the author of many books, notably:

• The Quest for Mind: Jean Piaget, Claude Levi-Strauss and the Structuralist Movement - New York: Knopf, 1973
• The Shattered Mind - New York: Knopf, 1975
• Artful Scribbles: The Significance of Children's Drawings - New York: Basic Books, 1980
• Art, Mind and Brain: A Cognitive Approach to Creativity - New York: Basic Books, 1982
• Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligence (1983) ISBN 0-465-02510-2 (1993 ed.)
• The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution - New York: Basic Books, 1985
• To Open Minds: Chinese Clues to the Dilemma of Contemporary Education - New York: Basic Books, 1989
• The Unschooled Mind: How Children Think and How Schools Should Teach (1991) ISBN 0-465-08896-1 (1993 ed.)
• Creating Minds: An Anatomy of Creativity Seen Through the Lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi (1994) ISBN 0-465-01454-2
• Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (1993) ISBN 0-465-01822-X (1993 ed.)
• Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership - New York: Basic Books, 1995.
• Intelligence: Multiple Perspectives - Orlando: Harcourt, 1996.
• Extraordinary Minds: Portraits of Exceptional Individuals and an Examination of our Extraordinariness - New York: Basic Books, 1997
• Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century - New York: Basic Books, 1999
• The Disciplined Mind: What All Students Should Understand - New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999
• Multiple Intelligences After Twenty Years, 2003. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 21, 2003. http://www.pz.harvard.edu/PIs/HG_MI_after_20_years.pdf
• Five Minds for the Future - Harvard Business School Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1591399124
• Responsibility at Work - Jossey-Bass, 2007.

As well as an audio dialogue with Daniel Goleman as part of the "Wired to Connect: Dialogues on Social Intelligence" series:

• "Good Work: Aligning Skills and Values" - More Than Sound Productionshttp://www.morethansound.net/store/index.php?act=viewProd&productId=98 2008

See below for research into validity of Gardner's theory:

• Bennett, M. (2000). Self-estimates and population estimates of ability in men and women. Australian Journal of Psychology, 52, 23?28.

References

External links

• Howard Gardner's Project Zero home page at Harvard University
• Howard Gardner's personal home page
• Howard Gardner School for Discovery in Scranton, PA; another photograph of Howard Gardner's can be seen here, at the link about "History"
• The Howard Gardner School in Alexandria, VA
• Gardner's work in social psychology, Greater Good magazine

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