Photograph by Henry Peabody, Iris Nampeyo, world famous Hopi ceramist, with her work, circa 1900

The reservation had a 2000 census population of 6,946 persons. Its largest community is First Mesa, Arizona.

History

According to Hopi lore, the Hopi are a gathering of many separate people representing tribes from distant areas, now identifying culturally as one people. With impact of the Athabascan migrations from Canada (forming the modern Navajo nation) ending as late as the 15th century the Hopi moved from original village locations at the bottoms of mesas to the tops where these villages could be defended. Popularly these are known as First, Second and Third Mesas because of their order of Spanish encounter. In contrast, the Navajo prefer to live in small family groups now widely distributed across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico. The Hopi have been town dwellers for many centuries (nine existed at the arrival of the Spanish of them—Sikyatki, Koechaptevela, Kisakovi, Sichomovi, Mishongnovi, Shipaulovi, Shungopavi, Oraibi and Awatobi). The Hopi village of Old Oraibi, located on Third Mesa and founded about the year 1100, is the oldest continuously occupied settlement in the United States. Some aspects of the Hopi culture are in common with those of the Tewa puebloan culture; however strictly abiding by non-Hopi anthropological writings remains too constricting across all "Puebloan" tribes.

The Hopi reservation is surrounded by the Navajo reservation.^[4] While traditionally the Hopi and the Navajo have considered each other to be "enemies" in various ways, they have recently become more cooperative in actions involving environmental,^[5] Bureau of Indian Affairs, and economic issues, most notably in political and contractual actions to restrict the withdrawal of groundwater by outside entities, particularly by coal extractors for use in coal slurry transport.

Culture

Hopi girl at Walpi. 1900, with "squash blossom" hairdo indicative of her eligibility for courtship

Hopi pottery, Arizona Canteen, Ceramic with pigments, 19th century, col: Stanford Museum

Nampeyo Ceramic jar, circa 1880

Traditionally, Hopi are organized into matrilineal clans. When a man marries, the children from the relationship are members of his wife's clan. These clan organizations extend across all villages. Children are named, however, by the women of the father's clan. On the twentieth day of a baby's life, the women of the paternal clan gather, each woman bringing a name and a gift for the child. In some cases where many relatives would attend, a child could be given over forty names, for example. The child's parents generally decide the name to be used from these names. Current practice is to either use a non-Hopi or English name or the parent's chosen Hopi name. A person may also change their name upon initiation into one of the religious societies such as the Kachina society.

The Hopi still practice a complete cycle of traditional ceremonies although not all villages retain or ever had the complete ceremonial cycle. These ceremonies take place according to the lunar calendar and are observed in each of the Hopi villages.

Nonetheless, like other Indian groups, the Hopi have not escaped impact by the dominant American culture. The Hopi have been affected by missionary work carried out by several Christian denominations and also by consumerism and alcoholism. However, the effect of missionary work has had relatively little impact on traditional Hopi cultural and religious practices.

Traditionally the Hopi are highly skilled micro or subsistence farmers. The Hopi also interact in the cash economy; a significant number of Hopi have regular paying jobs; others earn a living from producing high quality art, traditional crafts?notably the carving and sale of Kachina dolls, highly crafted earthenware ceramic pottery, and other activities such as the design and production of jewelry, notably sterling silver silversmithing.

Religion

Traditionally the Hopi are a religious people. Individual clans practice ancient ritual prayer. In the Kivas the Hopi observe and practice through custom the preparation of ceremonial dance, costume and sacred chants.

Oral Tradition

The Hopi religion has no written text as do the Hindu, Buddhist, Judeo-Christian, and Muslim religions. The Hopi pass down from generation to generation the precepts of their complicated belief systems through oral tradition. The leaders of the various clans organize ceremonies throughout the year. The life of the Hopi revolves around the growing cycle of corn and the movement of animals.

The Hopi people

When a child is born they get a special blanket and a perfect ear of corn. On the 20th day they take the child to the mesa cliff and hold it facing the rising sun. When the sun hits the baby is given a name. The Kachinas are also used in the Hopi tribe. They are powerful ancestor spirits called to bring rain to help the crops grow. There are over 300 different Kachinas. They also made Kachina dolls to give to the girls in the tribe and to sell to tourists. Today, the Hopi Indians are divided into two - traditional - which preserve ancient lands and customs, and new - who work with outsiders. The Hopi Indians today love their traditions, arts, and land, but also love the modern American life. Their kids go to school and they use medical centers. The Hopi live and work outside of the reservations. Troubles with the Navajo whose reservations surround the Hopi still continue today. A Hopi bride ground corn for three days at her future husband?s house to show she had wife skills. The groom and his male relatives wove her wedding clothes. After they were finished, the bride to be would walk home in one wedding outfit, and carried the other in a container. Women were also buried in their wedding outfit so when they entered the spirit world they would be dressed appropriately. The Hopi man would wear several bead necklaces on his wedding day.

Images

<gallery> Image:HopiWomensDance.1879.ws.jpg|Hopi Womens Dance, 1879, Oraibi, Arizona Image:HopiPueblo.1879.ws.jpg|Dancer's Rock, 1879, Walpi, Arizona Image:Walpi_arizona.jpg|Traditional Hopi Village Image:Cliff perched homes, Hopi.jpg|Traditional Hopi Homes. Image:Hopi_snakepriest.jpg|Kopeli, Hopi Snake Priest. Image:AHopiBasketWeaver2.1910.ws.jpg|Hopi Basket Weaver c. 1910 Image:Hopi_basketweaver.jpg|Hopi Basket Weaver. Image:Hopi Angel.png|Hopi girl. </gallery>

See also

• Black Mesa Peabody Coal debate
• Hopi Kachina dolls
• Hopi mythology
• Hopi language
• Hopi Reservation
• Kachina
• Kiva
• Kikmongwi
• Nampeyo
• Oraibi
• Native Americans in the United States
• Native American tribes
• Sikyátki

Notes

References

• Hopi Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Arizona United States Census Bureau

Further reading

• Susanne and Jake Page, Hopi, Abradale Press, Harry N. Abrams, 1994, illustrated oversize hardcover, 230 pages, ISBN 0-8109-8127-0, 1982 edition, ISBN 0-8109-1082-9
• Alph Secakuku, "Hopi Kachina Tradition: Following the Sun and Moon" 1995
• Alfonso Ortiz, ed. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 9, Southwest. Washington: Smithsonian Institition, 1979
  • J. O. Brew, "Hopi Prehistory and History to 1850", pp. 514-523 in Ortiz, Handbook
  • F. J. Dockstader, "Hopi History, 1850-1940", pp. 524-532 in Ortiz, Handbook
  • R. O. Clemmer, "Hopi History, 1940-1970", pp. 533-538 in Ortiz, Handbook
  • J. C. Connelly, "Hopi Social Organization", pp. 539-553 in Ortiz, Handbook
  • E. A. Kennard, "Hopi Economy and Subsistence", pp. 554-563 in Ortiz, Handbook
  • A. Frigout, "Hopi Ceremonial Organization", pp. 564-576 in Ortiz, Handbook
  • L. A. Hieb, "Hopi World View", pp. 577-580 in Ortiz, Handbook
  • M. B. Stanislawski, "Hopi-Tewa", pp. 587-602 in Ortiz, Handbook
• New York Times article, "Reggae Rhythms Speak to an Insular Tribe" by Bruce Weber, September 19, 1999
• Frank Waters, The Book of the Hopi, Penguin (Non-Classics), (June 30, 1977), ISBN 0-140045279
• Frank Waters, Masked Gods:Navaho & Pueblo Ceremonialism, Swallow Press, 1950; Ohio University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-804006415