In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

An enormous haplogroup spanning many continents, the macro-haplogroup M is a branch of the haplogroup L3.

M is believed to have originated in Asia^[1] some 60,000 to 75,000 years before present:

The deep roots of M phylogeny clearly establish the antiquity of Indian lineages, especially M2, as compared to Ethiopian M1 lineage and hence, support an Asian origin of M macrohaplogroup.^[2]

Among the descendants of M are C, D, E, G, Q, and Z, with Z and G being observed in North Eurasian populations, C and D being shared between North Eurasian and Native American populations, E being observed in Southeast Asian populations, and Q being observed in Melanesian populations. The lineages M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M18 and M25 are exclusive to India, with M2 reported to be the oldest lineage on the Indian sub-continent.^[3] M7 and M8 are widespread Eastern Eurasian lineages.

Due to its great age, haplogroup M is an mtDNA lineage which does not correspond well to present-day ethnic groups, as it spans Siberian, Native American, East Asian, Southeast Asian, Central Asian, South Asian, Melanesian as well as Ethiopian, Somali, European, and various Middle Eastern populations in lesser frequency.

Descendants of haplogroup M

Location of M subclades around the World

• Haplogroup M1 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M1.htm - found in Western Eurasia and Northeast Africa^[2][4]
  • Haplogroup M1a
• Haplogroup M2 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M2.htm - found in South Asia
• Haplogroup M3 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M3.htm - found in South Asia
• Haplogroup M4 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M4.htm - Found in South Asia
  • Haplogroup M4a - found in Gujarat, India^[5]
• Haplogroup M5 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M5.htm - found in South Asia
  • Haplogroup M5a - found in Orissa, India^[5]
• Haplogroup M6 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M6.htm - found in South Asia
  • Haplogroup M6b - found in Kerala, India^[5]
• Haplogroup M7 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M7.htm - found in East Asia, especially in Japan
• Haplogroup M8 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M8.htm - found in East Asia, especially in Japan
• Haplogroup M9 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M9.htm - found in East and Southeast Asia
  • Haplogroup E (mtDNA) - a subclade of M9 - found especially in SE Asia
• Haplogroup M10 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M10.htm - small clade found in East Asia
• Haplogroup M11 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M11&12.htm - small clade found especially among the Chinese
• Haplogroup M12 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M11&12.htm - small clade found in Japan
• Haplogroup M21 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M21.htm - small clade found in SE Asia
• Haplogroup M27 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M27-29.htm - found in Melanesia
• Haplogroup M28 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M27-29.htm - found in Melanesia
• Haplogroup M29 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M27-29.htm - found in Melanesia
• Haplogroup M31 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M31.htm - found in Andaman Islands
  • Haplogroup M31a1 - found among the Onge, in the Andaman Islands^[5]
• Haplogroup M32 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M32.htm - found in Andaman Islands
• Haplogroup M33 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M33.htm - found in SE and South Asia
  • Haplogroup M33a - found in Gujarat, India^[5]
• Haplogroup M34 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M34.htm - found in SE and South Asia
  • Haplogroup M34a - found in Karnataka, India^[5]
• Haplogroup M35 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M35.htm - found in SE Asia
• Haplogroup M37
  • Haplogroup M37a - found in Gujarat, India^[5]
• Haplogroup M39 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M39.htm - found in SE Asia
• Haplogroup M40 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M40.htm - found in SE Asia
• Haplogroup M41 - found in South Asia
  • Haplogroup M41b - found in Andhra Pradesh, India^[5]
  • Haplogroup M41c - found in Andrah Pradesh, India^[5]
• Haplogroup M42 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M42.htm
• Haplogroup M48 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M48.htm
• Haplogroup CZ
  • Haplogroup C http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_C.htm - found especially in Northeast Asia
    • Haplogroup C1 http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_C1.htm - found in Asia and America (Native Americans and Hispanics in particular)
    • Haplogroup C4
  • Haplogroup Z http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_Z.htm - found among diverse Eurasian populations: Hazara, Finns, Japanese, Sami and some Russians.
• Haplogroup D - found in Eastern Eurasia, Native Americans, Central Asia^[6] and occasionally also in West Asia and Northern Europe.
• Haplogroup G http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_G.htm - found especially in Japan with some isolated instances in diverse places of Asia
• Haplogroup Q http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_Q.htm - found in Melanesia and Australia (Aborigines)

References

1. ↑ Gonzalez et al., Mitochondrial lineage M1 traces an early human backflow to Africa, BMC Genomics 2007, 8:223 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-223
2. ↑ ^{a b} Revathi Rajkumar et al., Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages, BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:26 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-26
3. ↑ Revathi Rajkumar et al.
4. ↑ A.D. Holden et al., MtDNA variation in North, East, and Central African populations gives clues to a possible back-migration from the Middle East, Program of the Seventy-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (2005)
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} K. Thangaraj et al, ''In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup 'M' in India''. BMC Genomics, 2006
6. ↑ D. Comas et al., ''Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages''. EJHG, 2004

See also

• Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia

External links

• Spread of Haplogroup M, from National Geographic
• 
• The India Genealogical DNA Project
• 
• K.Tharanghaj et al. ''In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup M in India'' (PDF document)

cs:Haploskupina M (mtDNA)