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Google Book Search
Google Book Search is a tool from Google that searches the full text of books that Google scans, OCRs, and stores in its digital database. The service was formerly known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004. When relevant to a user's keyword search, up to three results from the Google Book Search index are displayed above search results in the Google Web Search service (google.com). A user may also search just for books at the dedicated Google Book Search service. Clicking a result from Google Book Search opens an interface in which the user may view pages from the book as well as content-related advertisements and links to the publisher's website and booksellers. Through a variety of access limitations and security measures, some based on user-tracking, Google limits the number of viewable pages and attempts to prevent page printing and text copying of material under copyright.[1] The Google Book Search service remains in a beta stage but the underlying database continues to grow. Google Book Search allows public-domain works and other out-of-copyright material to be downloaded in PDF format. For users outside the United States, though, Google must be sure that the work in question is indeed out of copyright under local laws. According to a member of the Google Book Search Support Team, "Since whether a book is in the public domain can often be a tricky legal question, we err on the side of caution and display at most a few snippets until we have determined that the book has entered the public domain."[2] Many of the books are scanned using the Elphel 323 camera[3][4] at a rate of 1,000 pages per hour.[5] The rapidity of the scanning precludes checking the pages. Hence, some pages are not scanned or are scanned in such a fashion as to make them unreadable.[6][7][8][9] As of 2006, Google has not revealed how many books they have already scanned. Google did say that it is scanning more than 3,000 books per day, a rate that translates into more than 1 million annually.[10] The entire project may exceed US$ 100 million.[11]. As of March 2007, The New York Times reported that Google has already digitized one million volumes at an estimated cost of US$5 million[10] Microsoft started a similar project, Live Search Books, in late 2006 [12] which ran until May 2008, when the project was abandoned.
Timeline2004
"All booked up," Googleblog. December 14, 2004. Google announced partnerships with several high-profile university and public libraries, including the University of Michigan, Harvard (Harvard University Library), Stanford (Green Library), Oxford (Bodleian Library), and the New York Public Library. According to press releases and university librarians, Google plans to digitize and make available through its Google Book Search service approximately 15 million volumes within a decade. The announcement soon triggered controversy, as publisher and author associations challenged Google's plans to digitize, not just books in the public domain, but also titles still under copyright. 2005
2006
2007
2008
Google Books Library Project participantsThe number of participating institutions has grown since the inception of the Google Books Library Project;[13] The University of Mysore has been mentioned in many media reports as being a library partner.[26][27] They are not, however, listed as a partner by Google.[28] Initial partnersAdditional partnersOther institutional partners have joined the Project since the partnership was first announced.
Opposition and perceived shortcomings
Hand digitization, University of Michigan Google Book Search remains controversial. While librarians hail the initiative for its potential to offer unprecedented access to what may become the largest online corpus of human knowledge,[29][30] the publishing industry and writers' groups have criticized the project's inclusion of snippets of copyrighted works as infringement. The Authors Guild of America[31] and Association of American Publishers[32][33] have separately sued Google, citing "massive copyright infringement." Google claims its project represents a fair use, and is the digital age equivalent of a card catalog with every word in the publication indexed. Some European politicians and intellectuals have criticized Google's effort on "language-imperialism" grounds, arguing that because the vast majority of books proposed to be scanned are in English, it will result in disproportionate representation of natural languages in the digital world. German, Russian, and French, for instance, are popular languages in scholarship; the disproportionate online emphasis on English could shape access to historical scholarship, and, ultimately, the growth and direction of future scholarship. Among these critics is Jean-Noël Jeanneney, the president of the Bibliothèque nationale de France[34] In June 2006, a French publisher announced its intention to sue Google France.[35] In 2006 a previously-filed German lawsuit was withdrawn.[36] In March 2007, Thomas Rubin, associate general counsel for copyright, trademark, and trade secrets at Microsoft, accused Google of violating copyright law with their book search service. Rubin specifically criticized Google's policy of freely copying any work until notified by the copyright holder to stop.[37] Siva Vaidhyanathan, associate professor of Media Studies and Law at the University of Virginia has published the opinion,[38] that the project poses a danger for the doctrine of fair use, because the fair use claims are arguably so excessive that it may cause judicial limitation of that right.[39] Google licensing of public domain works is also an area of concern [40], Google apparently is claiming a restrictive 'No-Commercial use' term in respect of the PDF electronic versions it provides, as well as using digital watermarking techniques with them. Some published works that are in the public domain, such as all works created by the U.S. Federal government, are still treated like other works under copyright, and therefore locked after 1922.[41] While Google Book Search has digitized large numbers of journal back issues, its scans do not include the metadata required for identifying specific articles in specific issues. This has led the makers of Google Scholar to start their own program to digitize and host older journal articles (in agreement with their publishers).[42] ReferencesSee also
External links
ar:??? ??? ???? de:Google Book Search fr:Google Recherche de livres hr:Google book search it:Google Ricerca libri nl:Google Books ja:Google ????? no:Google Books pl:Google Book Search pt:Google Book Search sk:Google Book Search tr:Google Kitap Arama yi:???? ??? ?????? Source: Wikipedia | The above article is available under the GNU FDL. | Edit this article
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