Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
The Gold Medal is the highest award of the Royal Astronomical Society .
History
In the early years, more than one medal was often awarded in a year, but by 1833 only one medal was being awarded per year. This caused a problem when Neptune was discovered in 1846, because many felt an award should jointly be made to John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier . A controversy arose and no award was made in 1847.
The controversy was resolved by giving 12 "testimonial" awards in 1848 to various people including Adams and Le Verrier, and in 1849 awards resumed, with a limit of one per year. Adams and Le Verrier did not get their gold medals until 1866 and 1868, respectively. Adams, as President, presented Le Verrier with the medal.
The practice of awarding one medal a year continued until 1963, although two medals were awarded in both 1867 and 1886 and in a few years no award was made. Since 1964 there have been two awards in most years, one for astronomy and one for geophysics .
Gold Medal laureates
1824 Charles Babbage , Johann Franz Encke
1826 John Herschel , James South , Wilhelm Struve
1827 Francis Baily
1828 Thomas Makdougall Brisbane , James Dunlop , Caroline Herschel
1829 William Pearson , Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel , Heinrich Christian Schumacher
1830 William Richardson , Johann Franz Encke
1831 Henry Kater , Marie-Charles Damoiseau
1833 George Biddell Airy
1835 Manuel J. Johnson
1836 John Herschel
1837 Otto A. Rosenberger
1839 John Wrottesley
1840 Giovanni Plana
1841 Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel
1842 Peter Andreas Hansen
1843 Francis Baily
1845 William Henry Smyth
1846 George Biddell Airy
1849 William Lassell
1850 Otto Wilhelm Struve
1851 Annibale de Gasparis
1852 Christian August Friedrich Peters
1853 John Russell Hind
1854 Charles Rümker
1855 William Rutter Dawes
1856 Robert Grant
1857 Heinrich Schwabe
1858 Robert Main
1859 Richard Christopher Carrington
1860 Peter Andreas Hansen
1861 Hermann Goldschmidt
1862 Warren de la Rue
1863 Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander
1865 George Phillips Bond
1866 John Couch Adams
1867 William Huggins , William Allen Miller
1868 Urbain Le Verrier
1869 Edward James Stone
1870 Charles-Eugčne Delaunay
1872 Giovanni Schiaparelli
1874 Simon Newcomb
1875 Heinrich d'Arrest
1876 Urbain Le Verrier
1878 Ercole Dembowski
1879 Asaph Hall
1881 Axel Möller
1882 David Gill
1883 Benjamin A. Gould
1884 Andrew Ainslie Common
1885 William Huggins
1886 Edward Charles Pickering , Charles Pritchard
1887 George William Hill
1888 Arthur Auwers
1889 Maurice Loewy
1892 George Howard Darwin
1893 Hermann Carl Vogel
1894 S. W. Burnham
1895 Isaac Roberts
1896 Seth Carlo Chandler
1897 Edward Emerson Barnard
1898 William Frederick Denning
1899 Frank McClean
1900 Henri Poincaré
1901 Edward Charles Pickering
1902 Jacobus Kapteyn
1903 Hermann Struve
1904 George Ellery Hale
1905 Lewis Boss
1906 William Wallace Campbell
1907 Ernest William Brown
1908 David Gill
1909 Oskar Backlund
1910 Friedrich Küstner
1911 Philip Herbert Cowell
1912 Arthur Robert Hinks
1913 Henri-Alexandre Deslandres
1914 Max Wolf
1915 Alfred Fowler
1916 John L. E. Dreyer
1917 Walter Sydney Adams
1918 John Evershed
1919 Guillaume Bigourdan
1921 Henry Norris Russell
1922 James Hopwood Jeans
1923 Albert A. Michelson
1924 Arthur Eddington
1925 Frank Watson Dyson
1926 Albert Einstein
1927 Frank Schlesinger
1928 Ralph Allen Sampson
1929 Ejnar Hertzsprung
1930 John Stanley Plaskett
1931 Willem de Sitter
1932 Robert Grant Aitken
1933 Vesto Slipher
1934 Harlow Shapley
1935 E. Arthur Milne
1936 Hisashi Kimura
1937 Harold Jeffreys
1938 William Hammond Wright
1939 Bernard Lyot
1940 Edwin Hubble
1943 Harold Spencer Jones
1944 Otto Struve
1945 Bengt Edlén
1946 Jan Oort
1947 Marcel Minnaert
1948 Bertil Lindblad
1949 Sydney Chapman
1950 Joel Stebbins
1951 Anton Pannekoek
1952 John Jackson
1953 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1954 Walter Baade
1955 Dirk Brouwer
1956 Thomas George Cowling
1957 Albrecht Unsöld
1958 André Danjon
1959 Raymond Arthur Lyttleton
1960 Viktor Ambartsumian
1961 Herman Zanstra
1962 Bengt Strömgren
1963 H. H. Plaskett
1964 Martin Ryle , Maurice Ewing
1965 Edward Bullard , Gerald Maurice Clemence
1966 Ira S. Bowen , Harold C. Urey
1967 Hannes Alfven , Allan Sandage
1968 Walter Munk
1969 A. T. Price , Martin Schwarzschild
1970 Horace W. Babcock
1971 Frank Press , Richard van der Riet Woolley
1972 H. I. S. Thirlaway , Fritz Zwicky
1973 Francis Birch , Edwin Salpeter
1974 Ludwig Biermann , K. E. Bullen
1975 Jesse Greenstein , Ernst Öpik
1976 William H. McCrea , J. A. Ratcliffe
1977 David R. Bates , John G. Bolton
1978 Lyman Spitzer , James Van Allen
1979 Leon Knopoff , C. G. Wynne
1980 C. L. Pekeris , Maarten Schmidt
1981 J. F. Gilbert , Bernard Lovell
1982 Riccardo Giacconi , Harrie Massey
1983 M. J. Seaton , Fred Whipple
1984 S. K. Runcorn , Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich
1985 Thomas Gold , Stephen Hawking
1986 G. E. Backus , Alexander Dalgarno
1987 Takesi Nagata , Martin Rees
1988 Don L. Anderson , C. de Jager
1989 R. Hide , K. A. Pounds
1990 J. W. Dungey , B. E. J. Pagel
1991 Vitaly Ginzburg , G. J. Wasserburg
1992 Dan P. McKenzie , Eugene N. Parker
1993 Peter Goldreich , Donald Lynden-Bell
1994 James E. Gunn , T. R. Kaiser
1995 John T. Houghton , Rashid Sunyaev
1996 K. Creer , Vera Rubin
1997 D. Farley , Donald Osterbrock
1998 R. L. Parker , James Peebles
1999 K. Budden , Bohdan Paczynski
2000 L. Lucy , R. Hutchinson
2001 Hermann Bondi , H. Rishbeth
2002 Leon Mestel , J. A. Jacobs
2003 John Bahcall , D. Gubbins
2004 Jeremiah P. Ostriker , Grenville Turner
2005 Margaret Burbidge , Geoffrey Burbidge , Carole Jordan
2006 Simon White , S. W. H. Cowley
2007 J. L. Culhane , Nigel O. Weiss
2008 Joseph Silk , B. Kennett
Ancillary awards
Silver medal
On two occasions, silver medals were also awarded, but this was soon discontinued.
Testimonial medal of 1848
See also
External links
de:Goldmedaille der Royal Astronomical Society
es:Medalla de oro de la Real Sociedad Astronómica
fr:Médaille d'or de la Royal Astronomical Society
it:Medaglia d'Oro della Royal Astronomical Society
lb:Goldmedail vun der Royal Astronomical Society
hu:Királyi Csillagászati Társaság Aranyérme
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pl:Z?oty Medal Królewskiego Towarzystwa Astronomicznego
fi:Royal Astronomical Societyn kultamitali
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