Fawzi al-Qawuqji (third from the right) in 1936.

His tactics during the 1948 war were aggressive, but entirely ineffective, and he failed to win a single important battle against Jewish forces often far outnumbered by his own men. His forces were driven out of Palestine and into Lebanon following the disastrous Battle of Sa'sa' on October 30.

Qawuqji was born in [[Beirut] in 1890. An Arab nationalist, he served as an officer in the Ottoman army during World War I. Qawuqji also fought against the French in Syria during the rebellion of 1925–1927 and against the British in Mandatory Palestine during the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. He fought in Iraq during the Rashid Ali coup of 1941 and was subsequently exiled in Nazi Germany for the remainder of World War II. He served as a Wehrmacht agent in Palestine and held a title of an officer of the Wehrmacht.

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