The European Otter (Lutra lutra), also known as the Eurasian otter, Eurasian river otter, common otter and Old World otter, is a European and Asian member of the Lutrinae or otter subfamily, and is typical of freshwater otters.

Range and habitat

An otter on a bed of flowers

The European Otter's diet mainly consists of fish but can also include birds, insects, frogs, crustaceans and sometimes small mammals. In general this opportunism means they may inhabit any unpolluted body of freshwater, including lakes, streams, rivers, and ponds, as long as there is good supply of food. European Otters may also live along the coast, in salt water, but require regular access to freshwater to clean their fur. When living in the sea individuals of this species are sometimes referred to as "sea otters", but they should not be confused with the true sea otter, a North American species much more strongly adapted to a marine existence.

Behaviour and reproduction

European Otters are strongly territorial, living alone for the most part. An individual's territory may vary between about one and forty kilometres long (about half to 25 miles), with about 18 km (about 11 miles) being usual. The length of the territory depends on the density of food available and the width of the water suitable for hunting (it is shorter on coasts, where the available width is much wider, and longer on narrower rivers). The territories are only held against members of the same sex, and so those of males and females may overlap^[1]. Males and females will breed at any time of the year, and mating takes place in water. After a gestation period of about 63 days, one to four cubs are born, which remain dependent on the mother for a year. The male plays no direct role in parental care, although the territory of a female with her cubs is usually entirely within that of the male^[1]. Hunting mainly takes place at night, while the day is usually spent in the European Otter's holt (den) – usually a burrow or hollow tree on the riverbank which can sometimes only be entered from under water.

Conservation

A pair of European Otters, part of a captive breeding programme

The European Otter declined across its range in the second half of the 20th Century ^[2] primarily due to pollution from pesticides such as organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Other threats included habitat loss and hunting, both legal and illegal^[3] European Otter populations are now recovering in many parts of Europe for example in Britain the number of sites with an otter presence increased by 55% between 1994 and 2002 ^[4]. Recovery is partly due to a ban on the most harmful pesticides that has been in place across Europe since 1979 ^[5], partly to improvements in water quality leading to increases in prey populations, and partly to direct legal protection under the European Union Habitats Directive^[6] and national legislation in several European countries. ^{[7][8] [9]} In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. They are listed as Near Threatened by the 2001 IUCN Red List. ^[10]

European Otters in popular culture

The novel Tarka the Otter, and the film based on it features European Otters. The Redwall series of books by Brian Jacques also regularly features anthropomorphic otters among its characters; one of the books is even named The Pearls of Lutra.

Notes

A European Otter standing at the edge of a waterfall

1. ↑ ^{a b} "Territoriality of the otter Lutra lutra L." Erlinge, S. (1968), Oikos, No. 19, 81-98.
2. ↑ "The Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) "
3. ↑ "Otter: Background to selection"
4. ↑ "Otter survey of England"
5. ↑ "Council Directive 79/117/EEC of 21 December 1978"
6. ↑ "Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992"
7. ↑ "Species other than birds specially protected under The Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981: Schedule 5 (Animals)"
8. ↑ "Wildlife Act 1976 (Ireland)"
9. ↑ "Otters of the world"
10. ↑ "Lutra lutra? Near Threatened"

References

External links

• ARKive Photographs. Videos.
• UK Environment Agency website about otters and their return
• The Otter Trust
• International Otter Survival Fund
• Shetland Otters
• Sussex Otters and Rivers Partnership

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