The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages emerging in Middle Iranian times (from ca. the 4th century BC). The Avestan language is classified as early Eastern Iranian.

They are divided into a Northeastern and a Southeastern branch. In spite of this separation, Eastern Iranian remained a single dialect continuum subject to common innovation.

As opposed to the Middle Western Iranian dialects, Middle Eastern Iranian preserves word-final syllables. Eastern Iranian is thought to have separated from Western Iranian in the course of the later 2nd millennium BC, and was possibly located at the Yaz culture.

The largest living Eastern Iranian language is Pashto with some 40 million speakers, a major language of Afghanistan and western Pakistan.

Northeastern

The Northeastern group has only two living members in two widely separated areas, the Yaghnobi language of Tajikistan (descended from Sogdian) and the Ossetic language of the Caucasus (descended from Scytho-Sarmatian). These are remnants of a vast ethno-linguistic continuum that stretched over most of the steppes of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. The Avestan language itself, the oldest attestation of the Iranian branch, is a member of the group. With Greek presence in Central Asia, some of the easternmost of these languages were recorded in their Middle Iranian stage (hence the "Eastern" classification), while almost no records of the Scytho-Sarmatian continuum stretching from Kazakhstan west across the Pontic steppe to Ukraine have survived.

• Avestan, ca. 1300 BC - 7th c. BC (classification uncertain)
• Bactrian, ca. 4th c. BC - 9th c. AD
• Khwarezmian ca. 4th c. BC - 13th c. AD
• Sogdian, from ca. the 4th c. BC.
  • Yaghnobi
• Scythian
  • Eastern (Scytho-Khotanese)
    • Khotanese, ca. 5th c. AD - 10th c. AD
    • Tumshuqese (formerly Maralbashi), 7th c. AD
  • Western (Scytho-Sarmatian), from ca. the 8th c. BC
    • Ossetian (dialects: Iron, Digor, Jassic)

Southeastern

The Southeastern group includes some 11 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by many people in South-Central Asia. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages.

• Pamir languages
  • Shughni Group
    • Shughni
    • Roshani - Khufi
    • Bartangi - Oroshori - Sarikoli
  • Yazgulami
  • Munji and Yidgha
  • Sanglechi and Ishkashimi
  • Wakhi (with Saka influence)

• Pashto (including Waziri)
  • Northern Pashto
  • Southern Pashto
  • Wanetsi

References

• Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. Schmitt (1989), p. 100.

See also

• List of Iranian languages
• Western Iranian languages

External links

• ethnologue report

ast:Llengües irániques orientales es:Idiomas iranios orientales gl:Linguas iranias orientais ko:?? ????

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