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Dnipropetrovsk
Dnipropetrovsk (; , Dnepropetrovsk; formerly Yekaterinoslav, ) is Ukraine's third largest city with 1.1 million inhabitants.[1] It is located south of Ukraine's capital Kiev (Kyiv) on the Dnieper River, in the south-central region of the country. Dnipropetrovsk is the administrative center of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (province). Within the Dnipropetrovsk Metropolitan area there are 1,860,000 people (2001)[2]. A vital industrial center of Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk was one of the key centers of the nuclear, arms, and space industries of the former Soviet Union. In particular, it is home to Yuzhmash, a major space and ballistic missile designer and manufacturer. Because of its military industry, the city was a closed city[3] until the 1990s. Dnipropetrovsk has a highly-developed public transportation system, including the Dnipropetrovsk Metro, which consists of one metro line with a total of 6 stations. GeographyClimateDuring the summer, Dnipropetrovsk is very warm (average day temperature in July is +24 to +27 °C (76 to 80 °F), and in the winter, it is cold (average day temperature in January is ?3 to +4 °C (+24 to +39 °F). The best time for visiting the city is in late spring ? second part of April and May, and early in autumn: September, October, when the city's trees turn yellow. Long periods of rain are normal in autumn. Other times are mainly dry with a few showers. The climate is a mixture of temperate and continental climates and sometimes in the winter it is very cold and snowy (sometimes dropping down to ?10 to ?15 °C), and in summer, the city is not very hot (up to +29 to +30 °C).[4] "However, the city is characterized with significant pollution of air with industrial emissions."[5] History
Museum of Kipchak steppe art in Karla Marksa The first people appeared in the area somewhere about 150,000 years ago. The settlements of these early people were found in the outskirts of the city and on Monastyrsky Island. This unique island appears throughout the history of Prydniprovye, as a consistent center of events as well as the ancient nucleus of the city. After the last Ice Age (10,000 years ago) the settling of the Prydniprovye area began more intensely. In c.3500-2700 BC the first farmers lived here (the so-called Cucuteni-Trypillia culture people). The mighty, broad Dnieper River (Greeks called it the Borysthenes, 'Borisphen' in local pronunciation) with its picturesque islands and peaceful backwaters, lush flood-meadows and shadowy oak woods stretches along river valleys and ravines. Abundant game and fish in local forests and waters are a result of good climate and vast fertile land... All this attracted hunters, fishers, cattle-breeders and land-tillers to these parts. The Cimmerians, ancient equestrian nomads who bred cattle, occupied the North Pontic steppe zone including Prydniprovye; their culture and civilization flourished between about 1000 and 800 B.C.E. The Cimmerians were driven out by the nomadic Scythians (700 BC), who in turn were overcome by the Sarmatians from the East (200 BC). Most inhabitants of the city and visitors know and like the distinctive features of the small square near the Museum of History, the place where the 'Stony Women' stay (which actually are not females... and are shown in the photo above). The visitors are amazed with the centuries-old natives and their oval forms. They were creations of a steppe nomadic people called the Cumans or Kipchaks and are a modular collection from neighboring barrows. In the past they served as the index points for the steppe inhabitants. The first century of the new era was marked by fast inhabitation of the Dnieper River banks by Slavic tribes. The rocks of Monastyrsky Island remember well the first time Slavs floated down the Dnieper River to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. On this island in the IX century the Monastery was founded by Byzantine monks (from it the island received its name). It existed until 1240 when it was destroyed by Tatars. The Dnieper River has for many centuries served as a border between East and West and its banks have served as arena of struggle between the Slavs and the Asian nomads. This situation continued for many centuries until the XV century when there appeared a new force - the free people - Cossacks - Zaporiz'ki Kazaky (Zaporizhya - the lands south of Prydniprovye, translate as "The Land After the Weirs [Rapids]")... 16th-18th centuries
Map of Kodak fortress, which was constructed in 1635. The first fortified town in what is now Dnipropetrovsk were probably built in the mid-16th century. In 1635, the Polish Government built the Kodak fortress above the Dnieper Rapids at Kodaky (on the outskirts of modern Dnipropetrovsk), partly as a result of rivalry in the region of Poland, Turkey and Russia,[7] and partly to maintain control over Cossack activity.[8] On the night of 3/4 August 1635, the Cossacks of Ivan Sulyma captured the fort by surprise, burning it down and butchering the garrison of about 200 West European mercenaries under Jean Marion.[8] The fort was rebuilt by French engineer Guillaume le Vasseur de Beauplan[9] for the Polish Government in 1638, and had a mercenary garrison.[8] Kodak was captured by Zaporozhian Cossacks on 1 October 1648, and was garrisoned by the Cossacks until its demolition in accordance with the Treaty of the Pruth in 1711.[10] The Zaporozhian village of Polovytsia was founded in the late-1760s, between the settlements of Stari (Old) and Novi (New) Kodaky, territorially was eastern remote part of Novi Kojdaky. It was located at the present central part of the city (downtown) to the West to district of Central terminal and farmer market Ozyorka. Uptown, which was built up later as a official center district by Ivan Starov's development plan of Katerynoslav, at cossack era was empty steppe hill place with lack of water source.[11] 1775-1917: In the Russian Empire
A 1792 plan of Yekaterinoslav. The city that is now called Dnipropetrovsk was founded as part of the expansion of the Russian Empire into the lands North of the Black Sea, known as the Novorossiysk gubernia. The city was originally known as Yekaterinoslav, which translates in English to "The glory of Yekaterina" (Catherine the Great). It became the administrative center of the Yekaterinoslav Governorate. Cossack and Russian armies fought against the Ottoman Empire for control of this area in the Russo-Turkish War (1768?1774). The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca ended this war in July 1774; and in May 1775 the Russian army destroyed the Zaporozhian Sich, thus eliminating the political independence of Cossacks. In 1774 Prince Grigori Potemkin was appointed governor of Novorossiysk gubernia, and after the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich, he started founding cities in the region and encouraging foreign settlers. The city of Yekaterinoslav was founded in 1776, not in the current location, but at the confluence of the River Samara with the River Kil'chen' at Loshakivka, north of the Dnieper. By 1782, the city population was 2,194. However the site had been badly chosen because spring waters were transforming the city into a bog.[11] In 1783, Yekaterinoslav was refounded on its current site, on the south bank of the Dnieper, near the Zaporozhian village of Polovytsia. The population of Yekaterinoslav-Kil'chen were transferred to the new site. Potemkin's plans for the city were extremely ambitious; it was to be about 30 km by 25 km in size, and included:[11]
The site for the Potemkin palace was bought from retired Cossack yesaul (colonel) Lazar' Globa, who owned much of the land near the city. Part of Lazar' Globa's gardens still exist and are now called Globa Park.[11] A combination of Russian red tape, defective workmanship, and theft resulted in what was built being less than originally planned. Construction stopped after the death of Potemkin and his sponsor, Empress Catherine. Plans were reconsidered and scaled back. The size of the cathedral was reduced, and it was completed in 1835. From 1797 to 1802 the city was called Novorossiysk.[11][12] Despite the bridging of the Dnieper in 1796 and the growth of trade in the early 19th century, Ekaterinoslav remained small until the 1880s, when the railway was built and industrialisation of the city began.[13] The boom was caused by two men:
Postcard with a picture of Yekaterinoslav around 1900. The Donetsk coal was necessary for smelting pig-iron from the Kryvyi Rih ore, producing a need for railway to connect Donetsk with Kryvyi Rih. Permission to build the railway was given in 1881, and it opened in 1884. The railway crossed the Dnieper at Yekaterinoslav. The city grew quickly; new suburbs appeared: Amur, Nizhnedniprovsk and the factory areas developed. In 1897, Yekaterinoslav became the third city in the Russian Empire to have electric trams. The Higher Mining School opened in 1899, and by 1913 it had grown into the Mining Institute.[11] Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 resulted in revolts against the Tsar in many places including Yekaterinoslav. Tens of people were killed and hundreds wounded. There was a wave of anti-semitic attacks.[11] From 1902 to 1933, the famous historian of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, Dmytro Yavornytsky, was Director of the Dnipropetrovsk Museum, which was later named after him. Before his death in 1940, Yavornytsky wrote a History of the City of Ekaterinoslav, which lay in manuscript for many years. It was only published in 1989 as a result of the Gorbachev reforms. 1917-1919: Independence from the Russian EmpireAfter Russian February revolution in 1917 Ekaterinoslav became a city within autonomy of Ukrainian People's Republic under Tsentralna Rada government. In November 1917 Bolsheviks headed rebellion and got power for a short time. The city experienced occupation of German and Austrian-Hungarian armies that were allies of Ukrainian Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi and helped him to keep authority in the country. During power of Ukrainian Dyrektoriya government with its dictator Symon Petlura the city had periods of uncertain power; at times the anarchists of (bat'ka) Makhno held the city. Military operations of the Red army which was headed from the North brought the city under the Soviet regime. 1919-1991: in the Soviet Union & under Nazi rule
Modern office building in Dnipropetrovsk. 
Skyline of Dnipropetrovsk with both new and old buildings seen. During the German occupation of Ukraine in World War II, the city gave its name to one of the six generalbezirke in which a Nazi Generalkommissar was in charge under the authority of the Reichskommissar in Kiev. Dnipropetrovsk was an important center of Jewish life, and 80,000 Jews lived in the city before the Holocaust, but soon after the Nazis conquered the city on October 12, 1941, 11,000 were shot; in the end only 15 Jews of Dnipropetrovsk survived at the end of the war. During the past century, the economic activity of the city has defined its political importance. Dnipropetrovsk and the surrounding oblast are the birthplace of the "Dnipropetrovsk Faction", an influential informal political group inside the CPSU, members of whom were the industrial and party elite. Leonid Brezhnev, a native of the nearby city of Dniprodzerzhyns'k and later the Communist Party General Secretary, assured members of this group of a prominent place in Soviet society and politics. Members of this group are believed by many political scientists to have ruled not only the Ukrainian SSR but also the entire Soviet Union up to the accession of Mikhail Gorbachev to the position of CPSU General Secretary and President of the Soviet Union. After 1991: Since Ukrainian independenceIn 2005, the most powerful representative of that particular group is Leonid Kuchma, the former President of Ukraine and former senior manager of Yuzhmash. Demographics
Between 1923 and 1933 the Ukrainian proportion of the population of Dnipropetrovsk increased from 16% to 48%. This was part of a national trend.[16] Economy and industryDnipropetrovsk is a major industrial centre of Ukraine. It has several heavy industry facilities that produces cast-iron, rolled metal, pipes, machinery, different mining combines, agricultural equipment, tractors, trolleybuses, refrigerators, different chemicals and many others. The most famous and the oldest (more than 110 years) is the Metallurgic Plant named after Petrovsky. The city also has big food processing and light industry factories. Many sowing and dress-making factories work for France, Canada, Germany and Great Britain, using the modern technologies, materials and design. Dnipropetrovsk has also dominated in the space building industry since the 1950s; construction department Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and Yuzhmash are well known to the specialists all over the world.
TransportationLocal transportation
A scheme of the Dnipropetrovsk Metro system in the city. 
Marshall Malinovsky Street on the left bank of the Dnieper looking west. The arch is part of the railway Merefa-Kherson bridge, which crosses Monastyrsky Island. 
Dnipropetrovsk's Central Railway Station. Main public forms of transport within Dnipropetrovsk are the trams, electric trolley buses, buses, and marshrutkas?private minibuses. In addition there are huge numbers of taxis, and many private cars, also some people have bicycles and some of people are walking. Dnipropetrovsk also has metro system, opened in 1995, which consists of a total of one line and 6 stations.[19] Work on other stations was abandoned to a recent time when the city ran out of money for this project; two of these abandoned building works are in the central portion of Karla Marksa Prospekt. Currently project has been renewed. Importance of next two station make city to finish them to make municipal subway system profitable. But finish date still not fix. Suburban transportationDnipropetrovsk has some highways crossing through the city. The most popular routes are from Kiev, Donetsk, Kharkiv and Zaporizhia. Transit through the city is also available. The largest bus station in eastern Ukraine is located in Dnipropetrovsk. It is near the city's Central Railway Terminal. Bus routes are also available to all over the country, including some international routes to Russia, Poland, Germany, Moldova and Turkey. In the summertime, there are some routes available by hydrofoils on the Dnieper River. Various tourist ships on their way down the Dnieper, (Kiev?Kherson?Odessa) always make a stop in the city. RailroadsThe city is a large railway junction. Daily trains run to and from many parts of Eastern Europe. There are two rapid trains at day time from Kiev to Dnipropetrovsk and there are a few express trains at night. Other trains come from Moscow, Lviv, Saint Petersburg, and other places. Air travelThe city is served by an Dnipropetrovsk International Airport and is connected to other European cities with daily flights. CultureAttractionsThe city has a variety of theatres (plus an Opera) and museums which may be of interest to tourists who speak Russian. There are also several parks, restaurants and beaches which have no linguistic requirements. The major streets of the city were renamed in honour of Marxist heroes during the Soviet era. The central thoroughfare is known as Karla Marksa Street, a beautiful, wide and long boulevard that stretches east to west through the centre of the city. It was founded in the eighteenth century and parts of its buildings are the actual decoration of the city. In the heart of the city is Zhovtneva [October] Square, which includes the majestic cathedral founded by order of Catherine the Great in 1787. 
Entrance to the Taras Shevchenko Park in Dnipropetrovsk. On the square, there are some remarkable buildings: the Museum of History, Diorama "Battle for the Dnieper River (World War II)", and also the beautiful park in which one can rest in the hot summer. Walking down the hill to the Dnieper River, one arrives in the large Taras Shevchenko Park (which is on the right bank of the river) and on Monastyrsky Island. This island is one of the most interesting places in the city. In the IX century, the Byzantine monks based a monastery here. It was destroyed by Mongol-Tatars in the XIII century. While there is no longer any compact "old town" in Dnipropetrovsk, there are still many surviving buildings of historical interest. (Most of them, especially churches, were unfortunately destroyed during World War II and Stalin's reign of terror in the 1930s. A few areas retain their historical character: all of Central Avenue, some street-blocks on the main hill (the Nagornaya part) between Pushkina Prospekt and Embankment, and sections near Globa and Shevchenka parks have been untouched for 150 years. The Dnieper River keeps the climate mild. It is visible from many points in Dnipropetrovsk. From any hill (there are 3 in the city) you will find a beautiful view of the river, islands, parks, outskirts, river banks and hills. There was no need to build skyscrapers in the city in Soviet times. The major industries preferred to locate their offices close to their factories and away from the centre of town. In the last ten years since independence the price of land has increased considerably. All the new office buildings are being built in the same architectural style as the old buildings. Famous people from Dnipropetrovsk
House museum of Dmytro Yavornytsky.
SportThe city also houses the Ukrainian Premier League football club, FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk. Sister Cities
ReferencesExternal links
ar:???????????? bg:?????????????? cs:Dn?propetrovsk da:Dnepropetrovsk de:Dnipropetrowsk et:Dnipropetrovsk es:Dnipropetrovsk eo:Dnipropetrovsko fr:Dnipropetrovsk ko:?????????? id:Dnipropetrovsk ie:Dnipropetrovsk it:Dnipropetrovs'k he:????????????? lv:Dnipropetrovska lt:Dniepropetrovskas nl:Dnjepropetrovsk ja:?????????? no:Dnipropetrovsk pl:Dniepropietrowsk pt:Dnipropetrovsk ro:Dnipropetrovsk ru:?????????????? sk:Dnepropetrovsk sr:?????????????? fi:Dnipropetrovsk sv:Dnipropetrovsk vi:Dnipropetrovsk uk:??????????????? vo:Dnipropetrovsk zh:?????????? Source: Wikipedia | The above article is available under the GNU FDL. | Edit this article
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