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Developed country
The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors of industry dominate. Countries not fitting this definition may be referred to as developing countries. This level of economic development usually translates into a high income per capita and a high Human Development Index (HDI). Countries with high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita often fit the above description of a developed economy. However, anomalies exist when determining "developed" status by the factor GDP per capita alone.
SynonymsModern terms synonymous with the term developed country or advanced country include industrialized country, more developed country (MDC), more economically developed country (MEDC), Global North country, 1st world country, and post-industrial country. The term industrialized country may be somewhat ambiguous, as industrialization is an ongoing process that is hard to define. The term MEDC is one used by modern geographers to specifically describe the status of the countries referred to: more economically developed. The first industrialised country was England, followed by Germany, France, the remainder of the United Kingdom and other Western European countries. According to economists such as Jeffrey Sachs, however, the current divide between the developed and developing world is largely a phenomenon of the 20th century.[1] DefinitionTraditionally, Canada and the United States in North America, Japan in Asia, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania, and most countries in Northern Europe and Western Europe have been considered "developed countries". Additionally, Cyprus[2], Hong Kong[2][3][4], Israel[2][5], Malta[2][5], Singapore[2][3], Slovenia[2], South Korea[2][3][6][7], and Taiwan[2][3], are now widely regarded as "developed countries". Although Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China which is a developing country, it is still considered internationally as a separate economic entity as it has its own currency and customs controls. While the political status of Taiwan may still be debatable, Taiwan is viewed as a de facto country with its own government that is separate from the People's Republic of CHina and is recognized as a distinct economic power. In the old international reports, the countries of Eastern Europe (including Slovenia which still belongs to "Eastern Europe Group" in the UN institutions) as well as the former Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) countries (including those in Asia) and Mongolia, were not included under either developed or developing regions, but rather were referred to as "countries in transition"; however they are now widely regarded as "developing countries" (except for Slovenia, see above). Human Development Index
World map showing the Human Development Index as presented by the United Nations in 2007. The UN HDI is a statistical measure that gauges a country's level of human development. While there is a strong correlation between having a high HDI score and a prosperous economy, the UN points out that the HDI accounts for more than income or productivity. Unlike GDP per capita or per capita income, the HDI takes into account how income is turned "into education and health opportunities and therefore into higher levels of human development." A few examples are Italy and the United States. Despite a relatively large difference in GDP per capita, both countries rank roughly equal in term of overall human development[8]. Since 1980, Norway (2001-2005), Japan (1991 and 1993), Canada (1985, 1992 and 1994-2000), Iceland (2006 and 2007) and Switzerland (1980) have had the highest HDI score. Countries with a score of over 0.800 are considered to have a "high" standard of human development. The top 30 countries have scores ranging from from 0.894 in Brunei to 0.968 in Iceland. All countries included in the UN study on the IMF list had a high HDI. Several small countries, such as Andorra, Liechtenstein and Macau were not reviewed by the United Nations. Thus, these countries have not received an official HDI score[9]. All countries listed by IMF or[10] CIA as "advanced" (as of 2007) - possess an HDI over 0.9 (as of 2004). All countries[11] possessing an HDI of 0.9 and over (as of 2004) - are also listed by IMF or CIA as "advanced" (as of 2007). Thus, all "advanced economies" (as of 2007) are characterized by an HDI score of 0.9 or higher (as of 2004). Lists of prosperous economiesWhile there is no official guideline for which country may or may not be considered developed, different institutions have created certain categories for the economically most prosperous countries. The IMF identifies 32 "advanced economies",[2] while the CIA identifies 34 "developed countries" and 35 "advanced economies".[5] The World Bank identifies 65 "high income countries", which are classified either as developed or developing by the UN. The criteria used to create these lists differ across these organizations as does the placement of certain countries. CIA developed country list
CIA advanced economy listThe official classification of "advanced economies" was originally made by the IMF. The CIA intends to follow the IMF but also to add non-IMF members. Thus, until March 2001, the CIA list was more comprehensive than the IMF list. Since 2001, however, Cyprus, and more recently Slovenia and Malta, were added to the IMF list but not to the CIA advanced economy list. Below is the current CIA advanced economy list, consisting of 35 countries:[5]
IMF advanced economy list
. According to the International Monetary Fund the following 32 countries are classified as "advanced economies:"[2]
World Bank high-income economies
"High income economies" are defined by the World Bank as countries with a Gross National Income per capita of $11,456 or more.[13] According to the United Nations definition some high income countries may also be developing countries. Thus, a high income country may be classified as either developed or developing.[14] According to the World Bank the following 62 countries and territories are classified as "high-income economies" and are not eligible to any lending programs:[15]
Quality-of-life surveyResearch about standards of living and quality of life by the Economist Intelligence Unit resulted in a quality-of-life index. As of 2005, the 30 countries with the highest index are:[16]
Welfare statesCurrently modern, expansive welfare states are still the exclusive domain and hallmark of the developed nations,[17] commonly constituting at least 20% of GDP, with the largest Scandinavian welfare states constituting over 40% of GDP.[18] Prominent sociologist Gosta Esping-Andersen states that the developed nations have developed a new kind of capitalism exclusive to them, which he dubbs "welfare capitalism." This type of capitalism seeks to ensure economic security, independence, stablity and opportunity by creating expansive public sectors that fuse public policy and market forces. According to Esping-Andersen, welfare state policies and economic forces are completely interwoven in these nations, with public policy shaping such basic market attributes as consumer demand, capital stock build-up, labor pariticipation rates, worker productivity and the extent and ramifications of the business cycle.[17] These modern welfare states, which largely arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, seeing their greatest expansion in the mid 20th century, have proven themselves highly effective in reducing relative as well as absolute poverty in all high-income OECD countries.[19][20][21]
Summary
See also
ReferencesExternal links
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