Locus (genetics)

Locus (genetics)

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Locus (genetics)

Short and long arms

Chromosome components:

(1) Chromatid
(2) Centromere
(3) Short arm
(4) Long arm

Example of bands

In the fields of genetics and evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a chromosome such as the position of a biomarker that may be occupied by one or more genes. A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a genetic map. Gene mapping is the process of determining the locus for a particular biological trait.

Diploid and polyploid cells whose chromosomes have the same allele at some locus are called homozygous, while those that have different alleles at a locus, heterozygous.

Nomenclature

The chromosomal locus of a gene might be written "6p21.3".

Component	Explanation \|- 1.2 \| 6	The chromosome number. \|- \| p	The position is on the chromosome's short arm (p for petit in French); q indicates the long arm. \|- 5.6 \| 21.3	The numbers following the letter represent the position on the arm: band 21, sub-band 3. The bands are visible under a microscope when the chromosome is suitably stained. Each of the bands is numbered, beginning with 1 for the band nearest the centromere. Sub-bands and sub-sub-bands are visible at higher resolution.

A range of locations is specified in a similar way. For example, the locus of gene OCA1 may be written "11q1.4-q2.1", meaning it is on the long arm of chromosome 11, somewhere in the range of sub-band 4 of band 1, and sub-band 1 of band 2.

The ends of a chromosome are labeled "ptel" and "qtel", and so "2qtel" refers to the telomere of the long arm of chromosome 2.