Venerable Cesare Baronio (also known as Caesar Baronius; August 30,1538 – June 30,1607) was an Italian Cardinal and ecclesiastical historian.

Baronio was born at Sora, and was educated at Veroli and Naples. At Rome he joined the Congregation of the Oratory in 1557 under St. Philip Neri and succeeded him as superior in 1593. Pope Clement VIII, whose confessor he was, made him cardinal in 1596 and librarian of the Vatican.

At subsequent conclaves he was twice nearly elected pope, but on each occasion was opposed by Spain on account of his work on the "Monarchy of Sicily," in which he supported the Papal claims against those of the Spanish government. Baronius is best known by his "Annales Ecclesiastici," undertaken by the Order of St Philip Neri as an answer to the anti-Catholic history, the "Magdeburg Centuries." After nearly thirty years of lecturing at Santa Maria in Vallicella on the history of the Church and being trained by the Order as a great man for a great work, he began to write, and produced twelve folios (1588–1607).

In the "Annales" he treats history in strict chronological order and keeps theology in the background. It was in the Annales that Baronio coined the term Dark Ages to describe the state of European civilization from about 500 to about 1100. In spite of many errors, especially in Greek history, in which he had to depend upon secondhand information, the work of Baronius stands as an honest attempt to write history, marked with a sincere love of truth. Baronius makes use of the words of St Augustine: "I shall love with a special love the man who most rigidly and severely corrects my errors." He also undertook a new edition of the "Roman martyrology" (1586), which he purified of many inaccuracies. He is also famous for anticipating Galileo, saying: "The Bible teaches the way to go to heaven, not the way the heavens go." This idea was later publicly expressed by Galileo in his "Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina" in the year 1615.

Cardinal Baronius left a reputation for profound sanctity which led Pope Benedict XIV to proclaim him "Venerable" (January 12, 1745). The restorations which he made to his titular Church of Sts Nereus and Achilleus and in Church of St Gregory's on the Coelian still feebly bespeak his zeal for decorous worship. But the "Annals" constitute the most conspicuous and enduring monument of his genius and devotion to the Church.

Sources, references, and external links

• Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, "Il cardinale Cesare Baronio. Nel terzo centenario della sua morte," Monza, 1908 (III ed. Edizioni di Storia e letteratura, Roma, 1961)
• Catholic Encyclopedia: ''Venerable Cesare Baronius''
• Articles relating to the 400 Centenary of the death of Venerable Cardinal Caesar Baronius from ''Oratoriani - Procura Generalis Confoederationis Oratorii S. Philippi Nerii''
• ''Buzz about Baronius''

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