Cambridge University was a university constituency electing two members to the British House of Commons, from 1603 to 1950.

Boundaries, Electorate and Election Systems

This university constituency was created by a Royal Charter of 1603. It was abolished in 1950 by the Representation of the People Act 1948.

The constituency was not a physical area. Its electorate consisted of the graduates of the University. Before 1918 the franchise was restricted to male graduates with a Doctorate or MA degree. Sedgwick records that the electors numbered 377, in 1727. For the 1754-1790 period Namier and Brooke estimated the electorate at about 500.

The constituency returned two Members of Parliament. Before 1918 they were elected using the bloc vote. From 1918, the MPs were elected by the Single Transferable Vote method of Proportional Representation.

History

In the early eighteenth century the University electorate were mostly Tory. However the Whig ministers of King George I were able to persuade the King to use the royal prerogative power to confer doctorates, so from 1727 the University returned Whig representatives. Oxford University, where the King did not have the same prerogative power, remained safely Tory (indeed often Jacobite) in sympathies.

The leading mid-eighteenth century Whig politician, the Duke of Newcastle, was for many years (1748-1768) Chancellor of the University. He "recommended" suitable candidates to represent the institution in Parliament. This practise continued under his successor, another Whig Duke and Prime Minister (1768-1770), the Duke of Grafton (Chancellor 1768-1811). However Grafton was less prominent as a politician than Newcastle had been and less attentive to the University. As a result some of Grafton's choices were criticised, notably that of the Duke's friend Richard Croftes.

Croftes lacked the sort of characteristics a University MP usually had. He was neither the son of a peer (like the Hon. John Townshend, the Marquess of Granby or Grafton's own son the Earl of Euston), a distinguished lawyer-politician (such as William de Grey, James Mansfield or Sir Vicary Gibbs) nor a prominent political figure (like William Pitt or Lord Henry Petty).

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Pittite/Tory candidates began to be elected. At the start of this political development some of the Pittite MPs, like William Pitt himself (MP for the University 1784-1806), called themselves Whigs. As time passed the division between the nineteenth century Tory and Whig parties became clearer.

The future Prime Minister, the Viscount Palmerston, retained his seat as a Whig after he left the Tory ranks. However by 1831 he was defeated. After the Viscount ceased to represent the University he was elected by a territorial constituency. No further non Tory/Conservative MP was to represent the University until the 1920s.

Even after the introduction of the single transferable vote in 1918, most Cambridge University MPs continued to be Conservatives.

Members of Parliament

This is a list of people who have been elected to represent this University in the Parliament of the United Kingdom,

1660 to 1784

1784 to 1950

Notes:-

• ¹ Pitt called himself a Whig, but is usually retrospectively regarded as a Tory since most of his followers (whether their background was in the Whig or Tory tradition) came to call themselves the Tory Party in the decade after Pitt's death.
• ² Jebb died on 10 December 1905 - seat vacant at dissolution.
• ³ Co. is an abbreviation for Coalition.
• ⁴ Ind. is an abbreviation for Independent.
• ⁵ Butler died on 2 May 1929 - seat vacant at dissolution.

Elections before 1715

Election by Block Vote 1715-1918

Elections in the 1710s

Elections in the 1720s

• Death of Paske

• Note (1722): Stooks Smith gives Willoughby 319 votes.

• Note (1727): Unusually, for a pre-1832 election, Stooks Smith records the total number of electors for the constituency as well as the number who voted; so a turnout figure can be calculated.

Elections in the 1730s

• Note (1734): Goodrick was an Opposition Whig

Elections in the 1740s

• Seat vacated when Finch was appointed a Groom of the Bedchamber

Elections in the 1750s

• Seat vacated when Finch was appointed to an office

Elections in the 1760s

• Seat vacated when Finch was appointed to an office

Elections in the 1770s

• Seat vacated on the appointment of Yorke as Lord Chancellor

• Seat vacated on the appointment of de Grey as Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas

• Succession of Granby as the 4th Duke of Rutland

Elections in the 1780s

• Note (1780): Stooks Smith records Townshend as getting 237 votes.
• Seat vacated on Townshend being appointed to an office

• Seat vacated on Townshend being appointed to an office

• Seat vacated on Mansfield being appointed as Solicitor General for England and Wales

• Note The 1784 election was broadly fought as a contest between the new government of Pitt and the ousted Fox-North Coalition, in which boh Townshend and Mansfield had held office.

Elections in the 1790s

• Note (1790): Pary labels in the 1790-1832 period follow Stooks Smith, who classifies Pitt and his Pittite supporters as Tories without regard to what they would have actually called themselves.
• Seat vacated on Pitt being appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports

• Seat vacated on Euston being appointed to an office

Elections in the 1800s

• Seat vacated on Pitt being appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer

• Death of Pitt

• Palmerston was a Peer of Ireland

Elections in the 1810s

• Succession of Euston as the 4th Duke of Grafton

• Seat vacated on Gibbs being appointed a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas

Elections in the 1820s

• Death of Smyth

• Seat vacated on the appointment of Copley as Lord Chancellor and creation as 1st Baron Lyndhurst

• Note (1827): Unusually for a pre-1832 election Stooks Smith provides a total electorate figure, so a turnout percentage can be calculated. See the 1727 result above for another instance.
• Seat vacated on the appointment of Tindal as Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas

Elections in the 1830s

• Seat vacated on the appointment of Palmerston as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

• Note (1832): Manners-Sutton was the Speaker of the House of Commons.

• Manners-Sutton created 'The 1st Viscount Canterbury'.

• Note (1837): McCalmont's Parliamentary Poll Book classifies Law as a Peelite between this election and that of 1847.

Elections in the 1840s

• Note (1841): McCalmont's Parliamentary Poll Book classifies Goulburn as a Liberal Conservative and Law as a Peelite for this election.
• Goulburn appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer.

• Note 1 (1847): 3,800 registered electors; 4,682 votes cast; minimum possible turnout estimated by dividing votes by 2. To the extent that electors did not use both their votes, the figure will be an underestimate.
• Note 2 (1847): McCalmont's Parliamentary Poll Book classifies Goulburn as a Liberal Conservative and Law as a Peelite for this election.

Elections in the 1850s

• Death of Law.

• Note (1852): McCalmont's Parliamentary Poll Book classifies Goulburn as a Liberal Conservative for this election.
• Death of Goulburn.

• Appointment of Walpole as Secretary of State for the Home Department.

Elections in the 1860s

• Appointment of Walpole as Secretary of State for the Home Department.

• Appointment of Selwyn as Solicitor-General.

• Appointment of Selwyn as Judge of the Court of Appeal in Chancery.

Elections in the 1870s

Elections in the 1880s

• Resignation of Walpole.

• Appointment of Raikes as Postmaster General

• Death of Beresford Hope.

Elections in the 1890s

• Death of Raikes.

Elections in the 1900s

• Death of Jebb - seat vacant at dissolution.

• Note (1906): Turnout is as in Craig.

Elections in the 1910s

• Death of Butcher.

Election by Single Transferable Vote 1918-1950

General Elections, from 1918 when most constituencies polled on the same day, were on different polling days than for territorial constituencies. The polls for university constituencies were open for five days.

Elections in the 1910s

Elections in the 1920s

• Death of Rawlinson.

• Death of Butler - seat vacant at dissolution.

Elections in the 1930s

• Resignation of Wilson.

• Death of Withers.

Elections in the 1940s

• Constituency abolished (1950)

See also

• List of former United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies

References

• Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Parliamentary Reference Publications 1972)
• British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Macmillan Press 1977)
• British Parliamentary Election Results 1885-1918, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Macmillan Press 1974)
• British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Macmillan Press, revised edition 1977)
• McCalmont's Parliamentary Poll Book: British Election Results 1832-1918 (8th edition, The Harvester Press 1971)
• The House of Commons 1715-1754, by Romney Sedgwick (HMSO 1970)
• The House of Commons 1754-1790, by Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke (HMSO 1964)
• The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844-50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)
• Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832-1885, edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)
• Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume II 1886-1918, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1978)
• Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume III 1919-1945, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1979)
• Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume IV 1945-1979, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1981)

pl:Okr?g wyborczy Cambridge University