A small flat button

Metal, plastic, and leather shank buttons.

Buttons may be manufactured from an extremely wide range of materials, including natural materials such as antler, bone, horn, ivory, shell, vegetable ivory, and wood; or synthetics such as celluloid, glass, metal, bakelite and plastic.

Hard plastic is by far the most common material for newly manufactured buttons; the other materials tend to occur only in premium apparel.

History

Buttons and button-like objects used as ornaments rather than fasteners have been discovered in the ancient Indus Valley during its Kot Dijy phase (circa 2800-2600 BC) and Bronze Age sites in China (circa 2000-1500 BC), and are attested in Ancient Rome. Buttons?made from seashell?were used in the Indus Valley Civilization for ornamental purposes by 2000 BCE.^[1] Some buttons were carved into geometric shapes and had holes pieced into them so that they could attached to clothing by using a thread.^[1] Ian McNeil (1990) holds that: "The button, in fact, was originally used more as an ornament than as a fastening, the earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley. It is made of a curved shell and about 5000 years old."^[2]

Functional buttons with buttonholes for fastening or closing clothing appeared first in Germany in the 13th century.^[3] They soon became widespread with the rise of snug-fitting garments in 13th- and 14th-century Europe.

Types of buttons

Three sew-through buttons (left) and one shank covered button (right).

• Shank buttons have a small ring or a bar with a hole called the shank protruding from the back of the button, through which thread is sewn to attach the button.
• Covered buttons are fabric-covered forms with a separate back piece that secures the fabric over the knob.
• Flat or sew-through buttons have two or four holes punched through the button through which the thread is sewn to attach the button. Flat buttons may be attached by sewing machine rather than by hand, and may be used with heavy fabrics by working a thread shank to extend the height of the button above the fabric.
• Worked or cloth buttons are created by embroidering or crocheting tight stitches (usually with linen thread) over a knob or ring called a form.
• Mandarin buttons or Frogs are knobs made of intricately knotted strings. Mandarin buttons are a key element in Mandarin dress (Qi Pao and cheongsam in Chinese), where they are closed with loops. Pairs of mandarin buttons worn as cuff links are called silk knots.

Button sizes

The size of the button depends on its use. Shirt buttons are generally small, and spaced close together, whereas coat buttons are larger and spaced further apart. Buttons are commonly measured in lignes (also called lines and abbreviated L), with 40 lignes equal to 1 inch. For example, some standard sizes of buttons are 16 lignes (10.16 mm, standard button of men's shirts) and 32 lignes (20.32 mm, typical button on suit jackets).

Buttonholes

Machine-stitched keyhole buttonhole with bar

Functional buttons (as opposed to decorative buttons) are normally paired with a buttonhole. Alternately, a decorative loop of cloth or rope may replace the buttonhole. Buttonholes may be either made by hand sewing or automated by a sewing machine.

Buttonholes often have a bar at either end. The bar is a perpendicular stitch that reinforces the ends of a buttonhole.

See also

• Snap fastener
• Zipper

References

Notes

1. ↑ ^{a b} Hesse, Rayner W. & Hesse (Jr.), Rayner W. (2007). Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. 35. ISBN 0313335079.
2. ↑ McNeil, Ian (1990). An encyclopaedia of the history of technology. Taylor & Francis. 852. ISBN 0415013062.
3. ↑ Lynn White: "The Act of Invention: Causes, Contexts, Continuities and Consequences", Technology and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 486-500 (497f. & 500)

Cited works

1. Carl Kohler, A History of Costume, Dover 1963 reprint, ISBN 0-486-21030-8
2. Bryan Bunch, The History of Science and Technology, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2004 ISBN 0-618-22123-9

External links

• Worked button making in Dorset
• Types of Buttons
• Button seal
• Button-making in Birmingham, England in the 1800s
• Online button museum

cs:Knoflík de:Knopf (Kleidung) es:Botón (vestimenta) eo:Butono eu:Botoi fr:Bouton (couture) gl:Botón (vestimenta) it:Bottone lt:Saga nl:Knoop (kleding) ja:??? (??) no:Knapp pl:Guzik pt:Botão ru:???????? fi:Nappi sv:Knapp ta:???????? th:?????? tr:Dü?me uk:?????? zh:??