Examples of articulations. From left to right: staccato, staccatissimo, martellato, marcato, tenuto.

Articulations from legato to staccatissimo

There are many different forms of articulation, each having a different effect on how the note is played. Some articulation marks include the slur, phrase mark, staccato, staccatissimo, accent, sforzando, rinforzando, and legato. Each articulation is represented by a different symbol placed above or below the note (depending on its position on the staff).

Woodwind and brass instruments generally articulate by tonguing, the use of the tongue to break the airflow into the instrument. Stringed instruments use different bowing techniques to achieve different articulations.

When staccato marks are combined with a slur, the result is portato, also known as articulated legato. Tenuto markings under a slur are called (for bowed strings) hook bows. This name is also less commonly applied to staccato or martellato (martelé) markings.

Audio examples

Bibliography

• Cooper, Helen (1985). Basic Guide to How to Read Music. ISBN 0-399-51122-9.

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