Arthashastra

The Arthashastra (more precisely Artha??stra) is a treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy which identifies its author by the names Kautilya^[1] and ,^[2] who are traditionally identified with (c. 350?-283 BCE),^[3] who was a professor at Taxila University and later the prime minister of the Maurya Empire.

Date and authorship

The traditional identification of and Vishnugupta with the Mauryan minister would date the Artha??stra to the 4th century BCE.^[4] However, certain affinities with smrtis and references that would be anachronistic for the 4th century BC suggest assigning the Artha??stra to the 2nd through 4th centuries CE.^[5] Thomas R. Trautmann and I.W. Mabbett concur that the Artha??stra is a composition from no earlier than the 2nd century AD, but based on earlier material.^[6] K.C. Ojha puts forward the view that the traditional identification of with was caused by a confusion of editor and originator and suggests that is in fact a redactor of the original work of .^[7] Thomas Burrow goes even further and says that are actually two different people.^[8]

Translation of the title

Roger Boesche describes the Artha??stra as "a book of political realism, a book analysing how the political world does work and not very often stating how it ought to work, a book that frequently discloses to a king what calculating and sometimes brutal measures he must carry out to preserve the state and the common good."^[14]

Centrally, Artha??stra argues for an autocracy managing an efficient and solid economy. It discusses the ethics of economics and the duties and obligations of a king.^[15] The scope of Artha??stra is, however, far wider than statecraft, and it offers an outline of the entire legal and bureaucratic framework for administering a kingdom, with a wealth of descriptive cultural detail on topics such as mineralogy, mining and metals, agriculture, animal husbandry, medicine and the use of wildlife.^[16] The Artha??stra also focuses on issues of welfare (for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine) and the collective ethics that hold a society together.

Books of Arthashashtra

The Rajarshi

Arthashastra deals in detail with the qualities and disciplines required for a Rajarshi - a wise and virtuous king.

Kautilya says that artha (Sound Economies) is the most important; dharma & kama are both dependent on it. A Rajarishi shall always respect those councillors and purohitas who warn him of the dangers of transgressing the limits of good conduct, reminding him sharply (as with a goad) of the times prescribed for various duties and caution him even when he errs in private.

Duties of the King

If the king is energetic, his subjects will be equally energetic. If he is slack (and lazy in performing his duties), the subjects will also be lax and thereby eat into his wealth. Besides, a lazy king will easily fall into the hands of enemies. Hence the maharaj should himself always be energetic. He shall divide the day and the night, each into eight periods of one and half hours, and perform his duties as follows:

First 1 1/2 hrs. after sunrise	Receive reports on defence, revenue, expenditure
Second 1 1/2 hrs. after sunrise	Public audiences, to hear petitions of city & country people
Third 1 1/2 hrs. after sunrise & Last 1 1/2 hrs. before noon	Receive revenues & tributes; appoint ministers and other high officials & allot tasks to them
First 1 1/2 hrs. after noon	Write letters & dispatches, confer with councillors, receive secret information from spies
Second 1 1/2 hrs. after noon	Personal: recreation, time for contemplation
Third 1 1/2 hrs. after noon & Last 1 1/2 hrs. before sunset	Inspect & review forces; Consult with Chief of Defence
First 1 1/2 hrs. after sunset	Interview with secret agents
Second 1 1/2 hrs. after sunset	Personal: bath, meals, study
Third & Fourth 1 1/2 hrs. after sunset & First 1 1/2 hrs. after midnight	Retire to the bed chamber to the sound of music, sleep
Second 1 1/2 hrs. after midnight	After waking to the sound of music, meditate on political matters & on work to be done
Third 1 1/2 hrs. after midnight	Consult with councilors, send out spies
Last 1 1/2 hrs. before sunrise	Religious, household & personal duties, meetings with his teacher, adviser on rituals, purohitas, personal physician, chief cooks & astrologer

Hence the king shall be ever active in the management of the economy. The root of wealth is (economic) activity and lack of it (brings) material distress. In the absence of (fruitful economic) activity, both current prosperity and future growth will be destroyed. A king can achieve the desired objectives & abundance of riches by undertaking (productive) economic activity.

An ideal king is one who has the highest qualities of leadership, intellect, energy & personal attributes.

The qualities of leadership (which attracts followers) are: birth in a noble family, good fortune, intellect & prowess, association with elders, being righteous, truthful, resolute, enthusiastic & disciplined, not breaking his promises, showing gratitude (to those who help him), having lofty aims, not being dilatory, being stronger than neighbouring kings & having ministers of high quality.

The qualities of intellect are: desire to learn, listening (to others), grasping, retaining, understanding thoroughly and reflecting on knowledge, rejecting false views and adhering to the true ones. An energetic king is one who is valorous, determined, quick, and dexterous. As regards personal attributes, an ideal king should be eloquent, bold and endowed with sharp intellect, a strong memory and a keen mind. He should be amenable to guidance. He should be well trained in all the arts and be able to lead the army. He should be just in rewarding and punishing. He should have the foresight to avail himself of the opportunities (by choosing) the right time, place and type of action. He should know how to govern in normal times and in times of crisis. He should know when to fight and when to make peace, when to lie in wait, when to observe treaties and when to strike at an enemy's weakness. He should preserve his dignity at all times and not laugh in an undignified manner. He should be sweet in speech, look straight at people and avoid frowning. He should eschew passion, anger, greed, obstinacy, fickleness and backbiting. He should conduct himself in accordance with advice of elders.

Internal Strife

Kautilya says - Quarrels among people can be resolved by winning over the leaders or by removing the cause of the quarrel - people fighting among themselves help the king by their mutual rivalry. Conflicts (for power) within the royal family, on the other hand, bring about harassment and destruction to the people and double the exertion that is required to end such conflicts. Hence internal strife in the royal family for power is more damaging than quarrels among their subjects. The king must be well versed in discretion and shrewd in judgement.

Comments on Vices

Vices are corruptions due to ignorance and indiscipline; an unlearned man does not perceive the injurious consequences of his vices. He summarizes: subject to the qualification that gambling is most dangerous in cases where power is shared, the vice with the most serious consequence is addiction to drink, followed by, lusting after women, gambling, and lastly hunting.

Training of a future King

Importance of self-discipline Discipline is of two kinds - inborn and acquired. (There must be an innate capacity for self discipline for the reasons given below). Instruction & training can promote discipline only in a person capable of benefiting from them, people incapable of (natural) self-discipline do not benefit. Learning imparts discipline only to those who have the following mental facilities - obedience to a teacher, desire and ability to learn, capacity to retain what is learnt, understanding what is learnt, reflecting on it and (finally) ability to make inferences by deliberating on the knowledge acquired. Those who are devoid of such mental faculties are not benefited (by any amount of training) One who will be a king should acquire discipline and follow it strictly in life by learning the sciences from authoritative teachers.

The training of a Prince

With improving his self-discipline, he should always associate with learned elders, for in them alone has discipline its firm roots. For a trained intellect ensues yoga (successful application), from yoga comes self-possession. This is what is meant by efficiency in acquiring knowledge. Only a king, who is wise, disciplined, devoted to a just governing of the subjects & conscious of the welfare of all beings, will enjoy the earth unopposed.

Maintenance of law and order

A conducive atmosphere is necessary for the state's economy to thrive. This requires that a state's law and order be maintained. Arthashastra specifies fines and punishments to support strict enforcement of laws. The science of law enforcement is also called Dandaniti.

Wildlife and forests

The Mauryas firstly looked at forests as a resource. For them, the most important forest product was the elephant. Military might in those times depended not only upon horses and men but also battle-elephants; these played a role in the defeat of Seleucus, Alexander's governor of the Punjab. The Mauryas sought to preserve supplies of elephants since it was more cost and time-effective to catch, tame and train wild elephants than raise them. Kautilya's Arthashastra unambiguously specifies the responsibilities of officials such as the Protector of the Elephant Forests:^[17]

The Arthashastra also reveals that the Mauryas designated specific forests to protect supplies of timber, as well as lions and tigers, for skins. Elsewhere the Protector of Animals also worked to eliminate thieves, tigers and other predators to render the woods safe for grazing cattle.^[17]

Arthashastra

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