Evangelist John of Patmos writes the Book of Revelation. Painting by Hieronymus Bosch (1505).

Armageddon (Greek ?????????; [armagedôn] also spelled Har-Magedon, or, in some modern English translations; the Mount of Megiddo), is the site of the final battle (or campaign) between God and Satan (whose name means 'adversary'), also known as the Devil. Satan will operate through the person known as the "Beast" or the Antichrist, written about in the Book of Revelation in the New Testament. More generally, it can also refer to an apocalyptic catastrophe.

The word Armageddon in Scripture is known only from a single verse in the Greek New Testament,^[1] where it is said to be Hebrew, and is thought to represent the Hebrew words Har Megido (?? ?????), meaning "Mountain of Megiddo". Megiddo was the location of many decisive battles in ancient times (see Battle of Megiddo).

Christianity

Dispensationalism

The Dispensational viewpoint interprets biblical prophecy literally and expects that the fulfillment of prophecy will also be literal, depending upon the context of scripture.

In his discussion of Armageddon, Doctor J. Dwight Pentecost has devoted an entire chapter to the subject, titled "The Campaign of Armageddon", in which he discusses Armageddon as a Campaign and not a specific battle, which will be fought in the Middle East. Pentecost writes:

It has been held commonly that the battle of Armageddon is an isolated event transpiring just prior to the second advent of Christ to the earth. The extent of this great movement in which God deals with ?the kings of the earth and of the whole world? (Rev. 16:14) will not be seen unless it is realized that the ?battle of that great day of God Almighty? (Rev. 16:14)^[2] is not an isolated battle, but rather a campaign that extends over the last half of the tribulation period. The Greek word "polemo", translated ?battle? in Revelation 16:14, signifies a war or campaign, while "mach?" signifies a battle, and sometimes even single combat. This distinction is observed by Trench, (see Richard C. Trench, New Testament Synonyms, pp.301-2) and is followed by Thayer (see Joseph Henry Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, p. 528) and Vincent (see Marvin R. Vincent, Word Studies in the New Testament, II, 541). The use of the word polemos (campaign) in Revelation 16:14 would signify that the events that culminate in the gathering at Armageddon at the second advent are viewed by God as one connected campaign.^[3]

Street sign in modern Israel indicates exit to Har Megiddo

Dr. Pentecost then discusses the location of this campaign, and mentions the "hill of Megiddo" and other geographic locations such as "the valley of Jehoshaphat"^[4] and "the valley of the passengers"^[5], "Lord coming from Edom or Idumea, south of Jerusalem, when He returns from the judgment"; and Jerusalem itself.^[6][7]

Pentecost then continues in his writing to further describe the area involved:

"This wide area would cover the entire land of Palestine and this campaign, with all its parts, would confirm what Ezekiel pictures when he says the invaders will 'cover the land'.^[8] This area would conform to the extent pictured by John in Revelation 14:20."^[9]

In mentioning the "participants in the campaign", Dr. Pentecost lists the following:

1) The ten kingdom federation (see also European Community) of nations under the Beast

2) The northern federation consisting of Russia (see also Gog and Magog) and her allies

3) The kings of the East, the Asiatic peoples from beyond the Euphrates

4) The King of the South, a north African power^[10]

Pentecost then outlines the biblical time period for this campaign to occur and with further arguments concludes that it must take place with the 70th week of Daniel. The invasion of Palestine by the Northern Confederacy "will bring the Beast and his armies to the defense of Israel as her protector". He then uses Daniel to further clarify his thinking: (Dan. 11:40b-45).^[11]

Again, events are listed by Pentecost in his book:

1) "The movement of the campaign begins when the King of the South moves against the Beast-False Prophet coalition, which takes place 'at the time of the end.'"^[12]

2) "The King of the South is joined by the Northern Confederacy, who attacks the Wilful King by a great force over land and sea (11:40). Jerusalem is destroyed as a result of this attack,^[13] and, in turn, the armies of the Northern Confederacy are destroyed"^[14]

3) "The full armies of the Beast move into Palestine (11:41) and shall conquer all that territory (11:41-42). Edom, Moab, and Ammon alone escape. . . ."

4) ". . . a report that causes alarm is brought to the Beast"^[15]

5) "The Beast moves his headquarters into the land of Palestine and assembles his armies there." ^[16]

6) "It is there that his destruction will come. (11:45)."^[17]

After the destruction of the Beast at the Second Coming of Jesus, the promised Kingdom is set up, in which Jesus and the Saints will rule for a thousand years. Satan is then loosed "for a season" and goes out to deceive the nations, specifically, Gog and Magog.^[18] The army mentioned attacks the Saints in the New Jerusalem, they are defeated by a judgment of fire coming down from Heaven, and then comes the Great White Throne judgment, which includes all of those through the ages^[19] and these are cast into the Lake of Fire, which event is also known as the "second death" or Hell. Pentecost describes this thusly:

The destiny of the lost is a place in the lake of fire (Rev. 19:20; 20:10, 14-15; 21:8). This lake of fire is described as everlasting fire (Matt. 25:41)^[20] (Matt. 18:8)^[21] and as unquenchable fire (Mark 9:43-44^[22], 46-48,^[23] emphasizing the eternal character of retribution of the lost.^[24]

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Armageddon is a battle where Satan unites the kings of the Earth against God's appointed King, Christ. In the Bible it is called "the battle of that great day of God Almighty." Unlike many Christian groups, Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe that an individual 'Antichrist' will be involved. Satan himself will move the kingdoms of the world to wage war on God's chosen people. Revelation says that "expressions inspired by demons" cause the kings of the entire inhabited Earth to gather together for the war of the great day of God the Almighty (Revelation 16:14). But then, the "King of Kings and Lord of Lords" because of his righteousness will defeat them for the glory of the Almighty God. (Revelation 17:12-14)

The Witnesses believe it is evident from this text that this war is not one of nations fighting against one another with nuclear, biological, or other weapons of mass destruction, since it says that the kings of the Earth "gather together" against Christ.^[25] It is also evident that there is no way that all of the armies of the world could gather around the relatively small area that is Megiddo in modern-day Israel.^[26] Finally, Revelation 16:16 calls Har-Mageddon (Mountain of Megiddo) (mountain of the assembly of troops), "the place" where these kings are gathered for this final showdown.

Since the Mountain of Megiddo is not a literal place, they feel the Bible uses Megiddo as the "symbolic" place of gathering of all the kings of the Earth, where they will try to do battle against God and his forces. This action on the part of the kings of the Earth is provoked by expressions and signs inspired by demons.^[27]

Jehovah's Witnesses believe the collective action to persecute God's chosen people on earth is what finally triggers this war. Ezekiel 38 prophesies that Gog, king of Magog will collect an army of many nations to attack God's people, believing them to be vulnerable and unprotected.^[28] God responds by causing them to fall one against another's swords; he strikes them with pestilence, floods, hailstones, fire and sulphur. The chapter ends with God declaring that the nations "will have to know that I am Jehovah".

Armageddon is followed by the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth^[29] ? a period commonly referred to as "Christ's Millennial Reign", when "Satan is bound for a thousand years" (See Rev. 20:1,2). The final judgment and purification of the earth's sin occurs at the end of the Millennium, when Satan is "loosed for a little season" (20:3, 7-9) and allowed to "go out to deceive the nations ... and gather them to battle" against "the camp of the saints and the beloved city". When Satan loses this battle he is finally cast into the "lake of fire and brimstone" (representing complete, eternal destruction, Rev 20:14). Those who join him in this battle will, likewise, be eternally destroyed. The Jehovah's Witnesses believe a prelude to Armageddon will be the attack on all religions by the Prominent World Powers very soon under their own laws and statutes left to be put into effect.^[30][31][32]

Seventh-day Adventist

Seventh-day Adventist understanding of Revelation 13-22

Islam

The Islamic Prophet Muhammad has prophesied about several events that will occur just before the advent of the Day of Judgment (Qiyamah). Among these, Muhammad has foretold the return of Jesus (Isa in Arabic), who will materialize when a false claimant to divinity (the Dajjal) will attempt to misguide humanity into worshiping him. Jesus will descend from the heavens in Damascus, pray behind one of the Muslims, pursue and kill the Dajjal, destroy the savage and unbelieving armies of Gog and Magog and bring peace and brotherhood to the world. Christians will recognize the truth and accept him only as a Messenger of God, the religion of God (Islam) will rule the world justly.

There will be no oppression and no need to fight oppressors (war will be abolished) and no need to collect Jizyah, since there will be no non-Muslims to collect this tax from). Every human being will be well-off and no one will accept charity. Jesus will perform Hajj (pilgrimage), marry, remain married for 19 years, beget children, and die after living on earth for 40 years. His death will signal the beginning of the last days.

Bahá'í Faith

As part of the overall theology of the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'í literature and research interprets the fulfillment of the expectations surrounding the Battle of Armageddon in three ways, all of which have happened.^[38]

The first interpretation deals with a series of tablets written by Bahá'u'lláh, founder of the Bahá'í Faith, to be sent to various kings and rulers.

The second interpretation relates to the detailed events near the end of World War I of the Battle of Megiddo (1918) - a kind of literal fulfillment wherein World Powers were in battle. Specifically, General Allenby's victory at Megiddo, which prevented the Ottoman Empire from crucifying `Abdu'l-Bahá, then the head of the Bahá'í Faith, is viewed by Bahá'ís as having been the literal Battle of Megiddo.

The third interpretation reviews the whole progress of the World Wars (though these can be viewed as one process in two phases), and their derangement of the means and norms of the world before and after.^[39]

Rastafari movement

According to the Rastafari it is Haile Selassie who appears in the Book of Revelation. Armageddon (or rather "Amagideon") is a slightly different theological concept, meaning not so much a specific battle, but rather the general state the entire world is in now, and has been getting progressively deeper in since 1930, and especially since 1974. However, Selassie's role in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War is in many ways seen as a fulfillment of some prophecies.

Armageddon in Literature and Movies

• Armageddon (1998 film) - NASA sends a team of oil drillers to deflect an asteroid.
• Armageddon (Left Behind)

See also

• Apocalypse
• Apocalyptic literature
• Battles of Megiddo (disambiguation)
• The Beast (Bible)
• Bible prophecy
• End times
• Eschatology
• Megiddo (disambiguation)
• Megiddo (place)
• Ragnarök
• Rapture
• Summary of Christian eschatological differences

References

Books on Christian eschatology

General

• The Coming Prince by Robert Anderson (Scotland Yard) - claims to prove the precision of Biblical prophecy.
• The Invisible War by Donald Grey Barnhouse; ©1965; Zondervan Publishing House (Ministry Resources Library).
• How to Recognize the Antichrist by Arthur E. Bloomfield ©1975; Bethany Fellowship.
• Number in Scripture by Ethelbert W. Bullinger, D.D.; ©1967; Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49501 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 67-26498; ISBN 0-8254-2204-3
• The Hidden Dangers of the Rainbow by Constance Cumbey ©1983; Huntington House Inc.
• A Planned Deception: The Staging of A New Age Messiah by Constance Cumbey ©1985; Pointe Publishers, Inc.
• Hidden Prophecies in the Psalms by J.R. Church; ©1986; Prophecy Publications, Oklahoma City, OK 73153; ISBN 0-941241-00-9
• Gorbachev: Has the Real Antichrist Come? by Robert W. Faid ©1988: Victory House Publishers.
• The Coming Epiphany by William Frederick - Your guide to understanding the end times.
• The Man The False Prophet and The Harlot, subtitled "The Name of the Antichrist Finally Revealed" by Dr. Anthony M. Giliberti ©1991; Published by "This Is The Generation" Library of Congress Catalog Number 90-93451 ISBN 0-9628419-0-0
• Send This Message to My Church: Christ's Words to the Seven Churches of Revelation by Terence Kelshaw ©1984; Thomas Nelson Publishers.
• The Truth About Armageddon by William Sanford Lasor ©1982; Harper & Row Publishers.
• A Survey of Bible Prophecy by R. Ludwigson ©1951; (1973, 1975; The Zondervan Corporation).
• The Late, Grate Planet Earth by Hal Lindsey
• The Morning of the Magicians by Louis Pauwels & Jacques Bergier, Part Two, "A Few Years in Absolute Elsewhere" Many details about Adolph Hitler and his Guru, Hans Horbiger. A good basis for understanding how The Antichrist and False Prophet will operate.

The Book of Daniel compared to the Book of Revelation

• Daniel and Revelation subtitled "A Study of Two Extraordinary Visions" by James M. Efird ©1978; Judson Press, Valley Forge, PA 19481 ISBN 0-8170-0797-0
• Daniel's Prophecy of the 70 Weeks by Alva J. McClain; 1940, ©1969; Academie Books/Zondervan House. (See http://www.believersweb.org/ Believers Web; and Grace Theological Seminary.

Dispensationalism view of biblical prophecy

• A Cup of Trembling by Dave Hunt ©1995; Harvest House Publishers, Eugene, Oregon 97402; ISBN 1-56507-334-7.
• Global Peace and the Rise of Antichrist by Dave Hunt ©1990; Harvest House Publishers Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publishing Data; ISBN 0-89081-831-2
• How Close Are We? by Dave Hunt ©1993 Harvest House Publishers.
• Peace, Prosperity, and the Coming Holocaust by Dave Hunt ©1983; Harvest House Publishers.
• Whatever Happened to Heaven? by Dave Hunt ©1988; Harvest House Publishers. ISBN 0-89081-698-0 (paperback)
• Not Wrath but Rapture! by H.A. Ironside; NO DATE; published by Loizeaux Brothers, Inc.
• Armageddon, Oil and the Middle East Crisis Revised, by John F. Walvoord ©1974, 1976, 1990; Zondervan Publishing House, 1415 Lake Drive, S.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49506; ISBN 0-310-53921-8
• Satan is Alive and Well on Planet Earth by Hal Lindsey with C.C. Carlson ©1972; Zondervan House.
• The Late Great Planet Earth by Hal Lindsey with C.C. Carlson ©1970; Zondervan House.
• The Liberation of Planet Earth by Hal Lindsey ©1974; The Zondervan Corporation.
• There's a New World Coming by Hal Lindsey ©1973; Vision House.
• The Rapture by Hal Lindsey ©1983; The Aorist Corporation Bantam Books.
• The Terminal Generation by Hal Lindsey with C.C. Carlson ©1976; Fleming Revell.
• The Revelation Record by Henry M. Morris ©1985; Tyndale House Inc. and Creation Life Publishers.
• Things to Come by J. Dwight Pentecost ©1958; Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49506. ISBN-10: 0310308909 and ISBN-13: 9780310308904
• Dispensationalism Today by Charles C. Ryrie ©1965; The Moody Bible Institute of Chicago.
• Israel In Prophecy by John F. Walvoord ©1962; Zondervan Publishing House.
• The Church in Prophecy by John F. Walvoord ©1964; Zondervan Publishing House.
• The Millennial Kingdom by John F. Walvoord ©1959; by Dunham Publishing Co. Academie Books published by Zondervan Publishing House, 1415 Lake Drive. S.E., Grand Rapids Michigan 49506. (See Millennium on Wikipedia).
• The Nations in Prophecy by John F. Walvoord ©1967; Zondervan Publishing House. (NOTE: this book may have been combined with other similar titles by Walvoord into one new volume).
• The Return of the Lord by John F. Walvoord ©1955; Zondervan Publishing House Library of Congress Cat. #77-106423.
• The Rapture Question by John F. Walvoord (Revised & Enlarged) ©1974; The Zondervan Corporation.

Post-Tribulation view of biblical prophecy

• The Church and the Tribulation (subtitled: "A Biblical Examination of Post-tribulationism") by Robert H. Gundry ©1973; Zondervan Corporation.
• The Tribulation People by Arthur Katterjohn with Mark Faculer ©1975; Publisher - Creation House.
• Lord, When? by Arthur Katterjohn with Mark Faculer ©1976; Publisher - Creation House.
• The Incredible Cover-Up by Dave MacPherson ©1975; by Logos International.
• Christians Will Go Through the Tribulation by Jim McKeever ©1978; Alpha Omega Publishing Company.
• Now You Can Understand the Book of Revelation by Jim McKeever ©1980; Omega Publications.
• City of Revelation subtitled "A Book of Forgotten Wisdom" by John Michell ©1972; Ballantine Books (first printing: 11/73 Library of Congress Cat. No. 72-88116 SBN 345-23607-6-150. (NOTE: this book contains information on Gematria, a mathematical science).
• The Secret Book of Revelation (subtitled: "The Last Book of the Bible") ©1979; by Gilles Quispel, Collins St. James Place, Comdon, 1979.
• The Pre-Wrath Rapture of The Church by Marvin Rosenthal ©1990; Thomas Nelson, Inc. ISBN 0-8407-3160-4.

A millennial view of biblical prophecy (non-literal, allegorical)

• Shock Wave 2000! subtitled "The Harold Camping 1994 Debacle"; by Robert Sungenis, Scott Temple, and David Allen Lewis; ©1994 New Leaf Press, Inc., P.O. Box 311, Green Forest AR 72638; ISBN 0-89221-269-1; Library of Congress: 94-67493

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