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Nannerl Notenbuch
The Nannerl Notenbuch, or Notenbuch für Nannerl (German: Nannerl's Music Book) is a book in which Leopold Mozart, from 1759 to about 1764, wrote pieces for his daughter, Maria Anna Mozart (known as 'Nannerl'), to learn and play. His son Wolfgang also used the book, in which his earliest compositions were recorded. The book contains simple short keyboard (typically harpsichord) pieces, suitable for beginners; there are many anonymous minuets, some works by Leopold, and a few other composers including Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and the Austrian composer Georg Christoph Wagenseil. There are also some technical exercises, a table of intervals, and some modulating figured basses.[1] Description of the NotenbuchOriginally the Notenbuch was a bound volume comprising forty-eight pages of blank music paper, with eight staves on each page. Inscribed with the words Pour le clavecin (French: For the keyboard), it was presented to Nannerl on the occasion of her eighth name-day on 26 July 1759 (or possibly her eighth birthday, which fell on the 30th or 31st day of the same month). Over the course of the next four years or so the notebook was gradually filled with pieces written out by Leopold and two or three anonymous Salzburg copyists. Wolfgang is thought to have written out four pieces. Curiously none of the pieces was inscribed by Nannerl herself. In later years twelve individual pages were removed from the notebook for one reason or another. Of these four are now considered lost, but the remaining eight have been identified by Alan Tyson (1987):
The four lost pages have been tentatively reconstructed using a variety of other sources (Nannerl's letters and Georg Nissen's biography of Mozart). It is believed that in its completed state the Notenbuch contained a total of 64 pieces (including exercises and unfinished compositions), of which 52 are in the surviving 36 pages of the book. Wolfgang Plath (1982) has deduced the existence of five scribes from a study of the handwriting in the Notenbuch. In addition to Leopold and Wolfgang, three anonymous scribes from Salzburg – known as Anonymous I, Anonymous II and Anonymous III – have been identified. Numbers 58 and 61, thought to be in the four missing pages, are known only from Nissen's material; Plath assumed that these two pieces were copied out by Leopold, who was responsible for more than half the contents of the Notenbuch. The Notenbuch provides evidence of the collaboration between the young Wolfgang and his father. For example, number 48 is an arrangement of the third movement of Leopold's D major serenade, but the trio also appears as Menuet II in Wolfgang's Sonata K6.[2] The Notenbuch is also useful in providing evidence of Leopold's approach to teaching music. The tables of intervals show that he taught music theory to his children from the start. It seems that he also taught composition from the outset, by means of[3]
The earliest compositions by Wolfgang are written in Leopold's hand; the father's gentle suggestions for amendments came later.[4] Wolfgang Mozart's compositions in the bookThe Notenbuch contains the following pieces by Wolfgang: Andante in C, K. 1aThis piece is not just Mozart's first keyboard work, but his first (or so believed) composition. It is an extremely short piece (just 20 seconds long), likely notated by his father, Leopold Mozart, since Wolfgang was only 5 years old at the time. It is normally performed on the harpsichord and is in the key of C. The piece opens with a lively one-bar phrase, which is repeated piano (quietly). This is done again with a second, modified phrase - before it gains a deeper, unrepeated phrase and ends. Allegro in C, K. 1bIt is an extremely short piece (just 15 seconds long), likely notated by his father, Leopold Mozart, since Wolfgang was five years old at the time. It is normally performed on the harpsichord, and is in the key of C. As the tempo indication suggests, it is a fast and lively piece. The piece is unlike Mozart's previous work, K. 1a, in that it does not operate on repeated phrases. It begins with climbing fifths, which, after reaching a peak, drop in triplets before concluding in a triplet chord. Allegro in F, K. 1cIt is an extremely short piece (just 30 seconds long), likely notated by his father, Leopold Mozart, since Wolfgang was five years old at the time. It was composed on 11 December, 1761 in Salzburg. It was written for the harpsichord and is hence often performed on the harpsichord today, though other keyboard instruments may be used. The Allegro is in Mozart's first collection of works, and his first extant piece in F major. Similar to his first piece, K. 1a, it is in a slow tempo, and has several repeated phrases as follows: AABB[piano]ABB[piano]A - each phrase being about 5 seconds. Minuet in F, K. 1dAn extremely short piece (just 30 seconds long), it was likely notated by his father, Leopold Mozart, since Wolfgang was five years old at the time. It was written for the harpsichord and is hence usually performed on the harpsichord, though other keyboard instruments may be used. This minuet is in Mozart's first collection of works, and his first extant piece in minuet form. As a minuet it is, by definition, stately in feel and written in 3/4 time. It is clearly influenced by the work of Johann Sebastian Bach, and could even be described as late Baroque in style. It comprises several phrases each beginning with chords, after which broken chords and triplets are used. Minuet in G, K. 1eAn extremely short piece (just 30 seconds long), it was likely notated by his father, Leopold Mozart, since Wolfgang was five or six years old at the time. It was written for the harpsichord and is hence usually performed on the harpsichord, though other keyboard instruments may be used. minuetThis is in Mozart's first collection of works. As a minuet, it is relatively fast in 3/4 time. Unlike K. 1d, it is far less influenced by the baroque style. It is largely constructed of phrases which are repeated: every two bars is announced by a descending fifth, after which 4 chords are played, a tune is constructed within this restraint. Each phrase is 8 bars long. In two part harmony, it consists of 3 sections: the opening, a contrasting trio, and reprise of the original. Minuet in C, K. 1fAn extremely short piece (just 30 seconds long), it was likely notated by his father, Leopold Mozart, since Wolfgang was only five or six years old at the time. It was written for the harpsichord and is hence usually performed on the harpsichord, though other keyboard instruments may be used. This minuet is in Mozart's first collection of works. As a minuet it is relatively fast in 3/4 time. It is, unlike K. 1d far less influenced by the baroque style. It is largely constructed of phrases which are repeated: every two bars is announced by a descending fifth, after which 4 chords are played, a tune is constructed within this restraint. Each phrase is 8 bars long. In two part harmony, it consists of 3 sections: the opening, contrasting trio, and a reprise of the original. It was, in Köchel's first catalogue listed as K. 1 along with Minuet in G, K. 1e. Minuet in F, K. 2Allegro in B-flat, K. 3Minuet in F, K. 4Minuet in F, K. 5Allegro in C, K. 5aAndante in B-flat, K. 5bTable of ContentsThe following table summarizes the contents of the Notenbuch.[5]
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