Aphelion, the point in the year when the Earth is furthest from the Sun, occurs around this date.

Events

• 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples
• 993 - Saint Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized.
• 1054 - A supernova is observed by the Chinese, the Arabs and possibly Amerindians near the star ? Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.
• 1120 - Jordan II of Capua is anointed as prince after his infant nephew's death.
• 1187 - The Crusades: Battle of Hattin - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.
• 1253 - Battle of West-Capelle: John I of Avesnes defeats Guy of Dampierre.
• 1359 - Francesco II Ordelaffi of Forlě surrenders to the Papal commander Gil de Albornoz.
• 1534 - Christian III is elected King of Denmark and Norway in the town of Rye.
• 1634 - The city of Trois-Rivičres is founded in New France, later to become the Canadian province of Quebec.
• 1636 - City of Providence, Rhode Island forms.
• 1754 - French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French Capt. Louis Coulon de Villiers.
• 1774 - Orangetown Resolutions adopted in the Province of New York, one of many protests against the British Parliament's Coercive Acts
• 1776 - American Revolution: the United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Second Continental Congress
• 1778 - American Revolutionary War: Forces under George Rogers Clark capture Kaskaskia during the Illinois campaign.
• 1802 - At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
• 1803 - The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
• 1810 - The French occupy Amsterdam.
• 1817 - At Rome, New York, United States, construction on the Erie Canal begins.
• 1827 - Slavery is abolished in New York State.
• 1837 - Grand Junction Railway, the world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool.
• 1838 - The Iowa Territory is organized.
• 1840 - The Cunard Line's 700 ton wooden paddle steamer RMS Britannia departs from Liverpool bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia on the first transatlantic crossing with a scheduled end.
• 1845 - Near Concord, Massachusetts, Henry David Thoreau embarks on a two-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond (see Walden).
• 1855 - In Brooklyn, New York, the first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems, titled Leaves of Grass, is published.
• 1859 - Austro-Sardinian War: the Battle of Magenta.
• 1862 - Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels.
• 1863 - American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg - Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of siege. 150 miles up the Mississippi River, a Confederate Army is repulsed at the Battle of Helena, Arkansas.
• 1865 - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published.
• 1881 - In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.
• 1886 - The people of France offer the Statue of Liberty to the people of the United States.
• 1886 - The first scheduled Canadian transcontinental train arrives in Port Moody, British Columbia.
• 1887 - The founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, joins Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam, Karachi.
• 1892 - Western Samoa changes the International Date Line, so that year there were 367 days in this country, with two occurrences of Monday, July 4.
• 1894 - The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.
• 1910 - African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match sparking race riots across the United States.
• 1913 - President Woodrow Wilson addresses American Civil War veterans at the Great Reunion of 1913.
• 1918 - Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ascends to the throne.
• 1918 - Bolsheviks kill Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family (Julian calendar date).
• 1927 - First flight of the Lockheed Vega.
• 1934 - Leo Szilard patents the chain-reaction design for the atomic bomb.
• 1939 - Lou Gehrig, recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tells a crowd at Yankee Stadium that he considers himself "The luckiest man on the face of the earth" as he announces his retirement from major league baseball.
• 1941 - Nazi Germans massacre Polish scientists and writers in the captured Polish city of Lwów.
• 1946 - After 381 years of near-continuous colonial rule, the Philippines is granted full independence by the United States.
• 1947 - The "Indian Independence Bill" is presented before British House of Commons, suggesting bifurcation of British India into two sovereign countries - India and Pakistan.
• 1950 - The first broadcast by Radio Free Europe.
• 1959 - With the admission of Alaska as the 49th U.S. state earlier in the year, the 49-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• 1960 - Due to the post-Independence Day admission of Hawai?i as the 50th U.S. state on August 21, 1959, the 50-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania almost ten and a half months later (see Flag Act).
• 1961 - Walt Disney is one of the two main speakers on the Independence Day in The Rebuild Hills at Skřrping in Denmark
• 1966 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into United States law. The act goes into effect the next year.
• 1969 - Two teens (one male, one female) are attacked at Blue Rock Springs in California. They were the second (known) victims of the Zodiac Killer. The male survives.
• 1969 - The Ohio Fireworks Derecho kills 18 Ohioans and destroys over 100 boats on Lake Erie.
• 1976 - Israeli commandos raid Entebbe airport in Uganda, rescuing all but four of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner seized by Palestinian terrorists.
• 1982 - Iranian diplomats kidnapping (1982): four Iranian diplomats are kidnapped by Lebanese militia in Lebanon.
• 1987 - In France, former Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie (aka the "Butcher of Lyon") is convicted of crimes against humanity and is sentenced to life imprisonment.
• 1993 - Sumitomo Chemical's resin plant in Nihama explodes killing one worker and injuring three others.
• 1997 - NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.
• 2004 - The cornerstone of the Freedom Tower is laid on the site of the World Trade Center in New York City. (This was largely a symbolic event; actual construction would not start for several weeks)
• 2005 - The Deep Impact collider hits the comet Tempel 1.
• 2006 - Space Shuttle program: STS-121 Mission - Space Shuttle Discovery launches at 18:37:55 UTC.
• 2006 - North Korea tests four short-range missiles, one medium-range missile, and a long-range Taepodong-2. The long-range Taepodong-2 reportedly fails in mid-air over the Sea of Japan/East Sea.

Births

• 1330 - Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (d. 1367)
• 1546 - Murat III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1595)
• 1694 - Louis-Claude Daquin, French composer (d. 1772)
• 1715 - Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet (d. 1769)
• 1719 - Michel-Jean Sedaine, French dramatist (d. 1797)
• 1790 - George Everest, Welsh surveyor (d. 1866)
• 1799 - King Oscar I of Sweden, French general (d. 1859)
• 1804 - Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (d. 1864)
• 1807 - Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian patriot (d. 1882)
• 1816 - Hiram Walker, American grocer and distiller (d. 1899)
• 1826 - Stephen Foster, American songwriter (d. 1864)
• 1845 - Thomas Barnardo, Irish humanitarian (d. 1905)
• 1847 - James Anthony Bailey, American circus impresario (d. 1906)
• 1854 - Victor Babe?, Romanian bacteriologist (d. 1926)
• 1868 - Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer (d. 1921)
• 1872 - Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933)
• 1881 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier (d. 1968)
• 1882 - Louis B. Mayer, American film producer (d. 1957)
• 1883 - Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (d. 1970)
• 1895 - Irving Caesar, American lyricist and composer (d. 1996)
• 1896 - Mao Dun, Chinese writer (d. 1981)
• 1898 - Dr. Pilar Barbosa, Puerto Rican historian (d. 1997)
• 1898 - Gertrude Lawrence, English-born actress (d. 1952)
• 1902 - Meyer Lansky, Russian-born American gangster (d. 1983)
• 1902 - George Murphy, American entertainer (d. 1992)
• 1903 - Flor Peeters, Belgian composer, organist and teacher (d. 1986)
• 1904 - Angela Baddeley, English actress (d. 1976)
• 1905 - Irving Johnson, American adventurer (d. 1991)
• 1907 - Gordon Griffith, American director (d. 1958)
• 1907 - Howard Taubman, American music and theater critic (d. 1996)
• 1910 - Gloria Stuart, American actress
• 1911 - Mitch Miller, American entertainer
• 1912 - Viviane Romance, French actress (d. 1991)
• 1916 - Iva Toguri D'Aquino, American World War II figure (d. 2006)
• 1917 - Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947)
• 1918 - Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002)
• 1918 - Abigail Van Buren, American advice columnist
• 1918 - King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV of Tonga (d. 2006)
• 1918 - Johnnie Parsons, American race car driver (d. 1984)
• 1920 - Norm Drucker, American basketball referee
• 1920 - Leona Helmsley, American hotel operator and real estate investor (d. 2007)
• 1921 - Gerard Debreu, French economist, Nobel laureate (d. 2004)
• 1921 - Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist (d. 2003)
• 1923 - Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss Federal Councilor
• 1924 - Eva Marie Saint, American actress
• 1926 - Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentine-Spanish footballer
• 1927 - Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress
• 1927 - Neil Simon, American playwright
• 1929 - Al Davis, American businessman
• 1929 - Chuck Tanner, American baseball player
• 1929 - Bill Tuttle, American baseball player (d. 1998)
• 1930 - Frunzik Mkrtchyan, Armenian actor
• 1930 - George Steinbrenner, American businessman
• 1930 - Yuri Tyukalov, Soviet Olympic rower
• 1931 - Stephen Boyd, Northern Irish actor (d. 1977)
• 1931 - Sébastien Japrisot, French author, film director and sreenwriter (d. 2003)
• 1932 - Aurčle Vandendriessche, Belgian athlete
• 1934 - Colin Welland, English actor
• 1935 - Paul Scoon, Governor General of Grenada
• 1937 - Sonja Haraldsen, Queen of Norway (spouse of King Harald V of Norway)
• 1937 - Thomas Nagel, American philosopher
• 1938 - Bill Withers, American singer and songwriter
• 1940 - Karolyn Grimes, American actress
• 1942 - Hal Lanier, American baseball player
• 1942 - Floyd Little, American football player
• 1942 - Stefan Meller, Polish foreign minister (d. 2008)
• 1943 - Konrad "Conny" Bauer, German musician
• 1943 - Geraldo Rivera, American reporter
• 1943 - Alan "Blind Owl" Wilson, American musician (d. 1970)
• 1943 - Emerson Boozer, American football player
• 1943 - Milan Má?ala, Czech football coach
• 1944 - Ray Meagher, Australian actor
• 1946 - Tish Howard, American model
• 1946 - Ron Kovic, American peace activist
• 1946 - Michael Milken, American financier
• 1946 - Ed O'Ross, American actor
• 1947 - Morganna Roberts, American entertainer
• 1948 - Ed Armbrister, baseball player
• 1948 - René Arnoux, French race car driver
• 1948 - Tommy Körberg, Swedish singer and actor
• 1948 - Jeremy Spencer, English musician
• 1950 - David Jensen, Canadian-born British radio DJ
• 1951 - Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, American politician
• 1952 - Álvaro Uribe Vélez, Colombian politician
• 1954 - Jim Beattie, American baseball player
• 1955 - John Waite, English singer
• 1957 - Princess Chulabhorn of Thailand
• 1958 - Kirk Pengilly, Australian musician
• 1959 - Victoria Abril, Spanish actress
• 1960 - Sid Eudy, American professional wrestler
• 1960 - Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian racing driver (d. 1994)
• 1961 - Richard Garriott, English video game designer
• 1962 - Neil Morrissey, English actor
• 1962 - Pam Shriver, American former tennis player
• 1963 - Henri Leconte, French former tennis player
• 1963 - Matt Malley, American musician
• 1963 - José Oquendo, Puerto Rican baseball player
• 1964 - Cle Kooiman, American soccer player
• 1964 - Mark Slaughter, American singer
• 1964 - Mark Whiting, American filmmaker and actor
• 1965 - Horace Grant, American basketball player
• 1965 - Jo Whiley, English radio DJ
• 1966 - Lee Reherman, American actor
• 1967 - Vinny Castilla, Mexican baseball player
• 1967 - Andy Walker, Canadian television personality
• 1967 - Rick Wilkins, American baseball player
• 1968 - Jack Frost, American musician
• 1970 - Tony Vidmar, Australian former footballer
• 1971 - Andy Creeggan, Canadian musician
• 1971 - Brendan Donnelly, American baseball player
• 1971 - Koko, sign-language gorilla
• 1971 - Andrew Murray, English entrepreneur
• 1971 - Ned Zelic, Australian soccer player
• 1973 - Gackt, Japanese singer
• 1973 - Keiko Ihara, Japanese racing driver
• 1973 - Michael Johnson, English-born Jamaican footballer
• 1973 - Jan Magnussen, Danish racing driver
• 1973 - Tony Popovic, Australian soccer player
• 1974 - La'Roi Glover, American football player
• 1974 - Vince Spadea, American tennis player
• 1975 - Tania Davis, Australian violist
• 1976 - Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (d. 2003)
• 1977 - Katia Zygouli, Greek supermodel
• 1977 - Jonas Kjellgren, Swedish musician (Scar Symmetry)
• 1978 - Vicky Kaya, Greek supermodel and actress
• 1978 - Stephen McNally, British singer and songwriter (BBMak)
• 1978 - Emile Mpenza, Belgian footballer
• 1978 - Becki Newton, American actress
• 1980 - Muhammad Ali Hasan, American filmmaker
• 1980 - Max Elliott Slade, American film actor
• 1981 - Francisco Cruceta, Dominican baseball player
• 1982 - Hannah Harper,English porn star
• 1983 - Isabeli Fontana, Brazilian model
• 1983 - Ben Jorgensen, American musician
• 1983 - Andy Mrotek, American musician
• 1984 - Gina Glocksen, American singer
• 1984 - Akanishi Jin, Japanese singer
• 1986 - Takahisa Masuda, Japanese singer
• 2003 - Alessia di Matteo, Italian medical figure (d. 2005)

Deaths

• 907 - Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria
• 943 - Taejo of Goryeo, ruler of Korea (b. 877)
• 965 - Pope Benedict V, Italian Roman Catholic Pope (b. unknown)
• 973 - Ulrich of Augsburg, German bishop (b. 890)
• 1187 - Raynald of Chatillon, Prince of Antioch
• 1541 - Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish explorer (b. 1495)
• 1546 - Hayreddin Barbarossa, Admiral of the Ottoman Navy (b. 1478)
• 1603 - Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (b. 1521)
• 1623 - William Byrd, English composer
• 1648 - Antoine Daniel, French Jesuit missionary, one of the Canadian Martyrs (b. 1601)
• 1742 - Guido Grandi, Italian mathematician (b. 1671)
• 1754 - Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist and author (b. 1680)
• 1761 - Samuel Richardson, English writer (b. 1689)
• 1780 - Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Austrian military leader (b. 1712)
• 1787 - Charles de Rohan, prince de Soubise, Marshal of France (b. 1715)
• 1821 - Richard Cosway, English artist (b. 1742)
• 1826 - John Adams, 2nd President of the United States (b. 1735)
• 1826 - Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States (b. 1743)
• 1831 - James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (b. 1758)
• 1848 - François-René de Chateaubriand, French writer (b. 1768)
• 1850 - William Kirby, English entomologist (b. 1759)
• 1854 - Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German jurist (b. 1781)
• 1857 - William L. Marcy, American statesman (b. 1786)
• 1881 - Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Finnish statesman (b. 1806)
• 1882 - Joseph Brackett, American composer (b. 1797)
• 1891 - Hannibal Hamlin, U.S. Vice President (b. 1809)
• 1901 - Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (b. 1843)
• 1902 - Swami Vivekananda, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1863)
• 1905 - Élisée Reclus, French anarchist (b. 1830)
• 1910 - Melville Weston Fuller, 8th Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1833)
• 1910 - Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (b. 1835)
• 1916 - Alan Seeger, American war poet (b. 1888)
• 1922 - Lothar von Richthofen, German pilot (b. 1894)
• 1926 - Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian Saint (b. 1901)
• 1931 - Buddie Petit, American jazz musician (b. 1895)
• 1931 - Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta, Italian aristocrat (b. 1869)
• 1934 - Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Physics (b. 1867)
• 1938 - Otto Bauer, Austrian Social Democratic politician (b. 1881)
• 1938 - Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis player (b. 1899)
• 1941 - Antoni ?omnicki, Polish mathematician (b. 1881)
• 1946 - Gerda Steinhoff, Nazi concentration camp overseer (b. 1922)
• 1948 - Monteiro Lobato, Brazilian writer (b. 1882)
• 1963 - Bernard Freyberg, Governor-General of New Zealand (b. 1889)
• 1970 - Barnett Newman, American artist (b. 1905)
• 1970 - Harold Stirling Vanderbilt, member of the Vanderbilt family (b. 1884)
• 1971 - August Derleth, American writer and editor (b. 1909)
• 1975 - Georgette Heyer, English author (b. 1902)
• 1976 - Antoni S?onimski, Polish poet (b. 1895)
• 1977 - Gersh Budker, Russian physicist (b. 1918)
• 1979 - Lee Wai Tong, Chinese footballer (b. 1905)
• 1980 - Maurice Grevisse, Belgian grammarian (b. 1895)
• 1982 - Terry Higgins, early British AIDS death (b. 1945)
• 1984 - Jimmie Spheeris, American singer-songwriter (b. 1949)
• 1986 - Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (b. 1899)
• 1986 - Flor Peeters, Belgian composer, organist, and teacher (b. 1903)
• 1988 - Adrian Adonis, American professional wrestler (b. 1954)
• 1991 - Victor Chang, Australian physician (b. 1936)
• 1992 - Ástor Piazzolla, Argentinian composer (b. 1921)
• 1993 - Bona Arsenault, French Canadian politician and historian (b. 1903)
• 1994 - Joey Marella, American professional wrestling referee (b. 1964)
• 1995 - Eva Gabor, Hungarian actress (b. 1919)
• 1995 - Bob Ross, American artist and television host (b. 1942)
• 1997 - Charles Kuralt, American television presenter (b. 1934)
• 1997 - John Zachary Young, English zoologist (b. 1907)
• 1999 - Leo Garel, American artist and cartoonist (b.1917)
• 2000 - Gustaw Herling-Grudzinski, Polish writer (b. 1919)
• 2001 - Keenan Milton, Professional Skater (b. 1974)
• 2002 - Benjamin O. Davis Jr., American general (b. 1912)
• 2002 - Mansoor Hekmat, Iranian politician (b. 1951)
• 2002 - Winnifred Quick, American Titanic survivor (b. 1904)
• 2003 - Barry White, American singer (b. 1944)
• 2003 - André Claveau, French singer (b. 1915)
• 2004 - Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss conductor (b. 1920)
• 2004 - Frank Robinson (Xylophone Man), an eccentric street entertainer in Nottingham, England (b. 1932)
• 2005 - Hank Stram, American football coach (b. 1923)
• 2007 - Bar?? Akarsu, Turkish rock musician (b. 1979)
• 2007 - Bill Pinkney, American singer and performer (b. 1925)
• 2008 - Charles Wheeler, British journalist (b. 1923)
• 2008 - Jesse Helms, American politician (b. 1921)
• 2008 - Terrence Kiel, American Football Player (b. 1980)
• 2008 - Thomas M. Disch, American science fiction author (b. 1940)
• 2008 - Evelyn Keyes, American actress (b. 1916)

Holidays and observances

• Filipino-American Friendship Day
• In astronomy, the approximate date of Earth's aphelion.
• Saint Flavian
• Translation, Ordination of Saint Martin, bishop of Tours, confessor
• Saint Odo, bishop of Canterbury
• Saint Procopius, abbot (at Prague), confessor
• Saint Ulric, bishop of Augsburg, confessor (d. 973)
• Saint Bertha, widow, abbess of Blangy in Artois
• United States - Independence Day (1776)
• Saint Elizabeth Lusitania of Portugal (d. 1336), patron saint of Coimbra (city holiday), known there as Rainha Santa Isabela

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

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