This decade witnessed the continuing decline of the Achaemenid Empire, fierce warfare amongst the Greek city-states during the Peloponnesian War, the ongoing Warring States Period in Zhou dynasty China, and the closing years of the Olmec Civilization (lasting from c.1200-400 BC) in modern-day Mexico.

Events and trends

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• Peloponnesian War (431 BC-404 BC) between Athens and Sparta continues.
• 419 BC- Agis II of Sparta concludes a treaty with Agros after a brief expediation to the Argive plain^[1].
• 419 BC- Andromache by Euripides first performed.
• 419 BC- Sophocles' Electra first performed.
• 418 BC- Battle of Mantinea.
• 418 BC- Argos replaces its Democratic government with an oligarchy and forms an alliance with Sparta. Most of Argos allies do the same.
• 417 BC- Hyperbolus, Athenian demagogue, expelled from Athens.
• 416 BC- Athens captures island of Melos.
• 415 BC- Athens launches the Sicilian Expedition in response to the city of Segesta's call for aid.
• 415 BC- The Athenian Statesman Andocides is sent into exile.
• 415 BC- Alcibiades of Athens defects to Sparta
• 415 BC- Euripides' The Trojan Women first performed.
• 414 BC- Gylippus of Sparta defeats the Athenians during the siege of Syracuse.
• 414 BC- Aristophanes' play The Birds is first performed.
• 413 BC- The Athenian expeditionary force is defeated at the Second Battle of Syracuse.
• 413 BC- Tissaphernes, the Persian Satrap of Lydia and Caria, forms an alliance with Sparta.
• 413 BC- Sparta occupies Decelea.
• 413 BC- Euripides' play Electra (not to be confused with Sophocles' Electra) is performed.
• 412 BC- Sparta signs a treaty of mutual help (Treaty of Miletus) with Tissaphernes.
• 412 BC- Alcibiades defects to the Persians.
• 412 BC- Clazomenae revolts against Athens.
• 411 BC- Athens' democratic government overthrown and briefly ruled by a "Council of Four Hundred" for four months.
• 411 BC- Alcibiades is recalled from exile.
• 411 BC- Antiphon is executed.
• 411 BC- Euripides' play Iphigeneia in Tauris is first performed.
• 411 BC- Aristophanes' plays Lysistrata and Women Celebrating the Thesmophoria are first performed.
• 410 BC- Battle of Cyzicus
• 410 BC- Carthage sends reinforcements to the city of Segesta
• 410 BC- Hannibal Mago, ruler of Carthage, defeats the city of Selinus in battle on Sicily.
• 410 BC- Carthage's Iberian colonies revolt and secede from Carthage.
• 410 BC- Evagoras reclaimed his throne in Salamis after years of foreign rule.

Significant People

• Socrates, Athenian philosopher
• Thucydides of Athens, historian and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War
• Hannibal Mago, ruler of Carthage, r. 440-406 BC
• Weilieh, Zhou dynasty king of China, r. 425-402 BC
• Perdiccas II, King of Macedon, r. 454-413 BC
• Archelaus I, King of Macedon, r. 413-399 BC
• Mahapadma Nanda, King (and founder) of the Nanda Dynasty in Magadha (in Ancient India), r. c.420-362 BC
• Kosho, Legendary Emperor of Japan, r. 475-393 BC
• Herinutarekamen, king of Kush r. 431-405 BC
• Darius II, King of the Achaemenid Persian Empire r. 423-404 BC
• Pleistoanax (Agaid king r. 459-401 BC) and Agis II (Eurypontid king r. 427-400 BC), co-kings of Sparta.

Births

• 418 BC- Epaminondas of Thebes, Theban general and statesman (d. 362 BC)
• 418 BC- Iphicrates, Athenian general (approximate date) (d. c. 353 BC)
• 417 BC- Theatetus of Athens, Mathematician
• 412 BC- Diogenes of Sinope, philosopher
• 411 BC- Timoleon, Greek statesman and general (approximate date) (d. 337 BC)

Deaths

• 418 BC- Laches, Athenian aristocrat and general (b. c. 475 BC)
• 415 BC- Prodicus of Ceos, Philosopher
• 414 BC- Lamachus, Athenian general
• 414 BC- Eurymedon of Athens, general
• 413 BC- Demosthenes, Athenian general
• 413 BC- Nicias, Athenian soldier and statesman (b. 470 BC)
• 413 BC- Perdiccas II, Macedonian king
• 413 BC- Nehemiah, prominent Jewish leader and governor of Judah (then part of the Achaemenid empire)
• 411 BC- Antiphon, Athenian politician and orator (b. 480 BC)
• 411 BC- Phrynicus, Athenian general (assassinated)
• 411 BC- Eupolis of Athens, poet
• 411 BC- Hyperbolus of Athens, orator and statesman
• 410 BC- Hippocrates of Chios, mathematician and astronomer
• 410 BC- Mindarus of Sparta, admiral
• 410 BC- Seuthes I, king of Thrace

References

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