Events

• 1174 - Jocelin, abbot of Melrose, is elected bishop of Glasgow.
• 1568 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. Again Catherine de' Medici and Charles IX of France make substantial concessions to the Huguenots.
• 1708 - James Francis Edward Stuart lands at the Firth of Forth.
• 1775 - American Revolutionary War: Patrick Henry delivers his famous speech -"give me liberty or give me death" at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia.
• 1801 - Tsar Paul I of Russia is struck with a sword, then strangled, and finally trampled to death in his bedroom at St. Michael's Castle.
• 1806 - After traveling through the Louisiana Purchase and reaching the Pacific Ocean, explorers Lewis and Clark and their "Corps of Discovery" begin their arduous journey home.
• 1821 - Battle and fall of city of Kalamata, Greek War of Independence.
• 1848 - The ship John Wickliffe arrives at Port Chalmers carrying the first Scottish settlers for Dunedin, New Zealand. Otago province is founded.
• 1857 - Elisha Otis's first elevator is installed at 488 Broadway New York City.
• 1868 - The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into law.
• 1879 - War of the Pacific was fought between Chile and the joints forces of Bolivia and Peru. Chile successfully took over Arica and Tarapacá which left Bolivia as a landlocked country.
• 1889 - Land Run: President Benjamin Harrison opens Oklahoma to white settlement starting on April 22.
• 1889 - The free Woolwich Ferry officially opens in east London.
• 1889 - The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community was established by Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian India.
• 1896 - The Raines Law is passed by the New York State Legislature, restricting Sunday sale of alcohol to hotels.
• 1903 - The Wright Brothers apply for a patent on their invention of one of the first successful airplanes.
• 1908 - American diplomat Durham Stevens is attacked by Korean assassins Jeon Myeong-un and Jang In-hwan, leading to his death in a hospital two days later.
• 1909 - Theodore Roosevelt leaves New York for a post-presidency safari in Africa. The trip is sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution and National Geographic Society.
• 1919 - In Milan, Italy, Benito Mussolini founds his Fascist political movement.
• 1931 - Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev embrace the gallows during the Indian struggle for independence. Their request to be shot by a firing squad is refused.
• 1933 - The Reichstag passes the Enabling act of 1933, making Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany.
• 1935 - Signing of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
• 1940 - The Lahore Resolution (Qarardad-e-Pakistan or the then Qarardad-e-Lahore) is put forward at the Annual General Convention of the All India Muslim League.
• 1942 - World War II: In the Indian Ocean, Japanese forces capture the Andaman Islands.
• 1956 - Pakistan becomes the first Islamic republic in the world. (Republic Day in Pakistan)
• 1962 - NS Savannah, the first nuclear-powered cargo-passenger ship, was launched as a showcase for Dwight D. Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace initiative.
• 1965 - NASA launches Gemini 3, the United States' first two-man space flight (crew: Gus Grissom and John Young).
• 1978 - The first UNIFIL troops arrived in Lebanon for peacekeeping mission along the Blue Line.
• 1980 - Archbishop Óscar Romero of El Salvador gives his famous speech appealing to men of the El Salvadoran armed forces to stop killing the Salvadorans.
• 1982 - Guatemala's government, headed by Fernando Romeo Lucas García is overthrown in a military coup by right-wing General Efraín Ríos Montt.
• 1983 - Strategic Defense Initiative: President Ronald Reagan makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles.
• 1989 - Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann announce cold fusion at the University of Utah.
• 1994 - At an election rally in Tijuana, Mexican presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio is assassinated by Mario Aburto Martínez.
• 1994 - Aeroflot Flight 593 crashes in Siberia when the pilot's fifteen-year old son accidentally disengages the autopilot, killing 75.
• 1994 - A United States Air Force (USAF) F-16 aircraft collides with a USAF C-130 at Pope Air Force Base and then crashes, killing a group of 24 United States Army soldiers on the ground later to become known as the Green Ramp disaster.
• 1996 - Taiwan holds its first direct elections and chooses Lee Teng-hui as President.
• 1999 - Gunmen assassinate Paraguay's Vice President Luis María Argaña.
• 2001 - The Russian Mir space station is disposed of, breaking up in the atmosphere before falling into the southern Pacific Ocean near Fiji.
• 2003 - In Nasiriyah, Iraq, 11 soldiers of the 507th Maintenance Company as well as 18 U.S. Marines are killed during the first major conflict of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
• 2004 - Andhra Pradesh Federation of Trade Unions holds its first conference in Hyderabad, India.
• 2005 - The United States 11th Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2-1 decision, refuses to order the reinsertion of Terri Schiavo's feeding tube.
• 2005 - A major explosion at the Texas City Refinery kills 15 workers.
• 2006 - The Federal Reserve discontinues publishing M3 money supply.
• 2007 - Burnley Tunnel catastrophe occurs in Melbourne, Australia.
• 2007 - Iranian Navy seize Royal Navy personnel in Iraqi waters.

Births

• 1429 - Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI of England (d. 1482)
• 1638 - Frederik Ruysch, Dutch physician and anatomist (d. 1731)
• 1645 - William Kidd, Pirate Legend From Scotland (d. 1701)
• 1699 - John Bartram, American botanist (d. 1777)
• 1723 - Agha Mohammad Khan Ghajar, King of Iran (d. 1771)
• 1732 - Marie Adélaïde of France, daughter of Louis XV (d. 1800)
• 1749 - Pierre Simon de Laplace, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1827)
• 1754 - Baron Jurij Vega, Slovenian mathematician, physicist, and artillery officer (d. 1802)
• 1769 - William Smith, English geologist and cartographer (d. 1839)
• 1769 - Augustin Daniel Belliard, French general (d. 1832)
• 1823 - Schuyler Colfax, Vice President of the United States (d. 1885)
• 1826 - Léon Minkus, German/Czech composer and violinist (d. 1917)
• 1831 - Eduard Schlagintweit, German writer (d. 1866)
• 1834 - Julius Reubke, German composer (d. 1858)
• 1858 - Ludwig Quidde, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1941)
• 1862 - Nathaniel Reed, American outlaw turned evangelist (d.1950)
• 1868 - Dietrich Eckart, early supporter of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party and member of Thule Society (d. 1923)
• 1878 - Franz Schreker, Austrian composer (d. 1934)
• 1880 - Heikki Ritavuori, Finnish politician (d. 1922)
• 1881 - Roger Martin du Gard, French writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1958)
• 1881 - Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1965)
• 1882 - Emmy Noether, German mathematician (d. 1935)
• 1887 - Juan Gris, Spanish artist (d. 1927)
• 1887 - Josef ?apek, Czech writer (d. 1945)
• 1887 - Prince Felix Yussupov, Russian assassin of Rasputin (d. 1967)
• 1893 - Cedric Gibbons, American art director (d. 1960)
• 1895 - Encarnacion Alzona, Filipino historian (d. 2001)
• 1899 - Dora Gerson, German actress and singer (d. 1943)
• 1900 - Erich Fromm, German-born psychoanalyst (d. 1980)
• 1904 - H. Beam Piper, American science fiction author (d. 1964)
• 1905 - Lale Andersen, German singer and cabaretist (d. 1972)
• 1905 - Joan Crawford, American actress (d. 1977)
• 1907 - Daniel Bovet, Swiss-born scientist, Nobel laureate (d. 1992)
• 1910 - Akira Kurosawa, Japanese film director (d. 1998)
• 1912 - Wernher von Braun, German-born physicist and engineer (d. 1977)
• 1915 - Vasily Zaitsev, Soviet World War II hero (d. 1991)
• 1919 - Carl Graffunder, mid-century modernist architect
• 1920 - Neal Smith, former United States Congressman
• 1920 - Tetsuharu Kawakami, Japanese baseball player and coach
• 1921 - Donald Campbell, British car and motorboat racer (d. 1967)
• 1922 - Marty Allen, American comedian and actor
• 1922 - Ugo Tognazzi, Italian actor, director and screenwriter (d. 1990)
• 1924 - Bette Nesmith Graham, American inventor (d. 1980)
• 1925 - David Watkin, English cinematographer (d. 2008)
• 1929 - Sir Roger Bannister, English runner
• 1931 - Yevgenij Grishin, Russian speed skater (d. 2005)
• 1931 - Viktor Korchnoi, Russian chess player
• 1932 - Don Marshall, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1933 - Philip Zimbardo, American psychologist, known for the Stanford prison experiment
• 1934 - Ludvig Faddeev, Russian mathematician
• 1934 - Fernand Gignac, Canadian singer and actor (d. 2006)
• 1934 - Mark Rydell, American film and television director
• 1937 - Craig Breedlove, American land speed record holder
• 1937 - Robert Gallo, American physician
• 1938 - Maynard Jackson, first black mayor of Atlanta (d. 2003)
• 1938 - Dave Pike, American jazz musician
• 1939 - Pepe Lienhard, Swiss band leader and entertainer
• 1941 - Jim Trelease, American educator and children's literature author
• 1942 - Walter Rodney, Guyanese historian and political figure (d. 1980)
• 1943 - Lee May, former Major League Baseball player
• 1943 - Nils-Aslak Valkeapää, Finnish writer (d. 2001)
• 1944 - Michael Nyman, British minimalist composer
• 1944 - Tony McPhee, English singer and guitarist (The Groundhogs)
• 1945 - Franco Battiato, Italian singer, songwriter and filmmaker
• 1945 - David Grisman, American bluegrass musician
• 1948 - David Olney, American musician
• 1949 - Ric Ocasek, American musician (The Cars)
• 1950 - Anthony De Longis, American actor
• 1950 - Corinne Clery, French actress
• 1951 - Ron Jaworski, American football player and analyst
• 1952 - Kim Stanley Robinson, American author
• 1953 - Bo Diaz, Venezuelan baseball player (d. 1990)
• 1953 - Chaka Khan, American singer
• 1954 - Geno Auriemma, American basketball coach
• 1955 - Moses Malone, American basketball player
• 1955 - Petrea Burchard, American actress
• 1956 - José Manuel Barroso, Portuguese politician, president of the European Commission
• 1957 - Amanda Plummer, American actress
• 1957 - Robbie James, Welsh footballer (d. 1998)
• 1958 - Etienne De Wilde, Belgian cyclist
• 1958 - El Duce, American singer and drummer (The Mentors) (d. 1997)
• 1959 - Catherine Keener, American actress
• 1959 - Epic Soundtracks, English musician (Swell Maps, Crime and the City Solution, These Immortal Souls) (d. 1997)
• 1959 - Philippe Volter, Belgian actor (d. 2005)
• 1960 - Nicol Stephen, Deputy First Minister of Scotland
• 1961 - Helmi Johannes, Indonesian television newscaster
• 1962 - Steve Redgrave, British rower, 5 Olympic Gold Medals
• 1963 - Míchel (José Miguel González Martín), Spanish footballer
• 1964 - Hope Davis, American actress
• 1964 - John Pinette, American comedian
• 1965 - Sarah Buxton, American actress
• 1965 - Richard Grieco, American actor and singer
• 1965 - Marti Pellow, Scottish singer
• 1965 - Gary Whitehead, American poet
• 1967 - David Ford, Canadian kayaker
• 1968 - Damon Albarn, English musician (Blur and Gorillaz)
• 1968 - Mitch Cullin, American novelist
• 1968 - Fernando Hierro, Spanish footballer
• 1968 - Michael Atherton, English cricketer
• 1971 - Yasmeen Ghauri, Canadian supermodel
• 1971 - Karen McDougal, American model
• 1971 - Gail Porter, British television presenter
• 1971 - Alexander Selivanov, Russian ice hockey player
• 1971 - Hiroyoshi Tenzan, Japanese professional wrestler
• 1972 - Joe Calzaghe, Welsh boxer
• 1972 - Judith Godrèche, French actress and author
• 1973 - Jerzy Dudek, Polish footballer
• 1973 - Wim Eyckmans, Belgian racing driver
• 1973 - Jason Kidd, American basketball player
• 1975 - Alydar, American racehorse (d. 1990)
• 1976 - Michelle Monaghan, American actress
• 1976 - Dougie Lampkin, English motorcycle trials rider
• 1976 - Jeremy Newberry, American football player
• 1976 - Joel Peralta, Dominican baseball player
• 1976 - Keri Russell, American actress
• 1976 - Jayson Blair, American journalist and author
• 1976 - Ricardo Zonta, Brazilian racing car driver
• 1977 - Jean Carlos Gamarra, Peruvian taekwondo practitioner
• 1978 - Walter Samuel, Argentine footballer
• 1978 - Nicholle Tom, American actress
• 1978 - Perez Hilton, American television personality and blogger
• 1979 - Mark Buehrle, American baseball player
• 1979 - Emraan Hashmi, Indian actor
• 1979 - Misty Hyman, American swimmer
• 1979 - Donncha O'Callaghan, Irish International rugby player
• 1979 - Natalya Baranovskaya, Olympic swimmer
• 1980 - Russell Howard, British Comedian
• 1981 - Luciana Carro, Canadian actress
• 1981 - Erin Crocker, American NASCAR driver
• 1981 - Tony Peña, Jr., Dominican baseball player
• 1982 - José Raúl Contreras, Chilean footballer
• 1983 - Jerome Thomas, English footballer
• 1985 - Maurice Jones-Drew, American football player
• 1986 - Andrea Dovizioso, Italian motorcycle racer
• 1986 - Steven Strait, American actor
• 1990 - Princess Eugenie of York
• 1995 - Jan Lisiecki, Canadian Pianist
• 1999 - Prince Beltran of Bulgaria

Deaths

• 1103 - Eudes I, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1058)
• 1361 - Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster (b. c.1310)
• 1369 - King Pedro of Castile (b. 1334)
• 1548 - Itagaki Nobukata, retainer of Takeda Shingen
• 1555 - Pope Julius III (b. 1487)
• 1559 - Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia (killed in battle) (b. 1521/1522)
• 1596 - Henry Unton, English diplomat
• 1606 - Justus Lipsius, Flemish humanist (b. 1547)
• 1618 - James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, Scottish politician
• 1653 - Johan van Galen, Dutch naval officer (b. 1604)
• 1680 - Nicolas Fouquet, French statesman (b. 1615)
• 1742 - Jean-Baptiste Dubos, French writer (b. 1670)
• 1747 - Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French soldier (b. 1675)
• 1748 - Johann Gottfried Walther, German music theorist, organist, and composer (b. 1684)
• 1754 - Johann Jakob Wettstein, Swiss theologian (b. 1693)
• 1783 - Charles Caroll, American lawyer and delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1723)
• 1801 - Tsar Paul of Russia (b. 1754)
• 1842 - Stendhal, French writer (b. 1783)
• 1914 - Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès (Saint Rebecca) Lebanese saint (b. 1832)
• 1927 - Paul César Helleu, French artist (b. 1859)
• 1931 - Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev Indian freedom fighters
• 1935 - Florence Moore, American actress (b. 1886)
• 1947 - Archduchess Luise of Austria, Princess of Tuscany (b. 1870)
• 1955 - Artur da Silva Bernardes, President of Brazil (b. 1875)
• 1960 - Franklin Pierce Adams, American newspaper columnist (b. 1881)
• 1964 - Peter Lorre, Hungarian-born actor (b. 1904)
• 1965 - Mae Murray, American actress (b. 1889)
• 1968 - Edwin O'Connor, American novelist and Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winner (b. 1918)
• 1970 - Del Lord, Canadian director (b. 1894)
• 1972 - Cristóbal Balenciaga, Spanish fashion designer (b. 1895)
• 1979 - Ted Anderson, English footballer (b. 1911)
• 1980 - Arthur Melvin Okun, American economist (b. 1928)
• 1982 - Barney Clark, first artificial heart recipient (b. 1921)
• 1985 - Richard Beeching, chairman of British Railways (b. 1913)
• 1985 - Peter Charanis, Greek-American scholar and professor (b. 1908)
• 1990 - John Dexter, English stage and film director
• 1991 - Parkash Singh, Indian soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross (b. 1913)
• 1992 - Friedrich Hayek, Austrian economist, Nobel laureate (b. 1899)
• 1994 - Luis Donaldo Colosio, Mexican politician (b. 1950)
• 1994 - Giulietta Masina, Italian actress (b. 1921)
• 1994 - Donald_Swann, British composer, musician and entertainer (b. 1923)
• 1995 - Alan Barton, English musician (Black Lace, Smokie) (b. 1953)
• 1995 - Davie Cooper, Scottish footballer (b. 1956)
• 1998 - Gerald Stano, American serial killer (b. 1951)
• 1999 - Luis María Argaña, Paraguayan politician (b. ?)
• 2001 - Rowland Evans, American journalist (b. 1921)
• 2002 - Eileen Farrell, American soprano (b. 1920)
• 2002 - Ben Hollioake, English cricketer (b. 1977)
• 2003 - Fritz Spiegl, Austrian-born journalist (b. 1926)
• 2004 - Rupert Hamer, Australian politician (b. 1916)
• 2006 - David B. Bleak, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1932)
• 2006 - Desmond Doss, American soldier and first conscientious objector Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1919)
• 2006 - Cindy Walker, American singer, songwriter and dancer (b. 1918)
• 2007 - Paul J. Cohen, American mathematician, Fields Medal winner (b. 1934)
• 2007 - Eric Medlen, American NHRA drag racer (b. 1973)

Holidays and observances

• Roman Empire - The fifth and final day of Quinquatria, held in honor of Minerva.
• Roman Empire - Tubilustrium was held in honor of Mars.
• Ancient Latvia - Lieldienas held in honor of Mara and other pagan goddesses.
• Pakistan - National Day (Republic Day).
• Hungary, Poland - Day of Hungarian-Polish Friendship.

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

af:23 Maart ar:23 ???? an:23 de marzo ast:23 de marzu az:23 mart bn:????? ?? be:23 ???????? be-x-old:23 ???????? bs:23. mart br:23 Meurzh bg:23 ???? ca:23 de març cv:???, 23 ceb:Marso 23 cs:23. b?ezen co:23 di marzu cy:23 Mawrth da:23. marts de:23. März et:23. märts el:23 ??????? es:23 de marzo eo:23-a de marto eu:Martxoaren 23 fa:?? ???? fo:23. mars fr:23 mars fy:23 maart fur:23 di Març ga:23 Márta gan:3?23? gv:23 Mart gd:23 am Màrt gl:23 de marzo ko:3? 23? hi:23 ????? hr:23. o?ujka io:23 di marto ig:March 23 ilo:Marso 23 bpy:????? ?? id:23 Maret ia:23 de martio is:23. mars it:23 marzo he:23 ???? jv:23 Maret pam:Marsu 23 ka:23 ????? csb:23 strumiannika kk:????????? 23 sw:23 Machi ht:23 mas ku:23'ê adarê la:23 Martii lv:23. marts lb:23. Mäerz lt:Kovo 23 li:23 miert lmo:23 03 hu:Március 23 mk:23 ???? ml:????????? 23 mi:23 Pout?-te-rangi mr:????? ?? ms:23 Mac nah:Tlay?ti 23 nl:23 maart nds-nl:23 meert ja:3?23? nap:23 'e màrzo no:23. mars nn:23. mars nrm:23 Mar nov:23 de marte oc:23 de març uz:23 mart nds:23. März pl:23 marca pt:23 de Março ksh:23. Määz ro:23 martie ru:23 ????? se:Njuk?amánu 23. sco:23 Mairch sq:23 Mars scn:23 di marzu simple:March 23 sk:23. marec sl:23. marec sr:23. ???? sh:23.3. su:23 Maret fi:23. maaliskuuta sv:23 mars tl:Marso 23 ta:?????? 23 tt:23. Mart te:?????? 23 th:23 ?????? vi:23 tháng 3 tr:23 Mart uk:23 ??????? ur:23 ???? vec:23 de marzso vo:Mäzul 23 fiu-vro:23. urbõkuu päiv wa:23 d' måss vls:23 moarte war:Marso 23 yo:23 March zh-yue:3?23? bat-smg:Kuova 23 zh:3?23?