Year 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).

Events of 1831

• February-March - Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops.
• February 2 - Pope Gregory XVI succeeds Pope Pius VIII as the 254th pope.
• February 14 - Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray and defeats and kills the warlord Sabagadis in the Battle of Debre Abbay.
• February 20 - Battle of Grochow. Polish rebel forces divide a Russian army.
• March 10 - French Foreign Legion founded.
• March 29 - The Great Bosnian uprising.

July 21:Léopold I of Belgium

• April 7 - Pedro I of Brazil abdicates as emperor of Brazil in favor of his son Pedro II of Brazil.
• May 26 - Battle of Ostroleka. The Poles fight another indecisive battle.
• May-June - Merthyr Rising 1831 - riots in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales
• July 21 - Inauguration of Léopold I of Belgium, first king of the Belgians.
• August 2 - Dutch invasion of Belgium. It is repelled by a French army (ten-day campaign).
• August 21 - USA: Outbreak of Nat Turner's slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia.
• September 6-8 - Battle of Warsaw - The Russians take the Polish capital and crush resistance.
• November 7 - Slave trading is forbidden in Brazil.
• December 27 - Charles Darwin embarks on his historic journey aboard the HMS Beagle.
• December 31 - Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City.

Undated

• The Sydney Morning Herald newspaper is first published.
• Muhammad Ali of Egypt's French-trained forces occupy Syria.
• Founding of:
  • Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut
  • Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio (as "The Athenaeum")

Births

• January 7 - Heinrich von Stephan, German postal union organizer (d. 1897)
• February 24 - Leo von Caprivi, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1899)
• March 3 - George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist (d. 1897)
• March 12 - Clement Studebaker, American automobile pioneer (d. 1901)
• March 20 - Solomon L. Spink, U.S. Congressman from Illinois (d. 1881)
• June 1 - John Bell Hood, American Confederate general (d. 1879)
• June 13 - James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist (d. 1879)
• June 28 - Joseph Joachim, Austrian violinist (d. 1907)
• July 22 - Emperor K?mei of Japan (d. 1867)
• 12 August - Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Russian-born author and theosophist (d. 1891)
• September 18 - Siegfried Marcus, German-born automobile pioneer (d. 1898)
• October 6 - Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (d. 1916)
• October 18 - Emperor Frederick III of Germany (d. 1888)
• October 31 - Romualdo Pacheco, Governor of California (d. 1899)

Deaths

• January 21 - Achim von Arnim, German poet (b. 1781)
• February 14
  • Vicente Guerrero, President of Mexico, Independence War hero (b. 1782)
  • Marye of Yejju, Ethiopian Ras
  • Sabagadis, Ethiopian warlord
• February 17 - Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b. 1785)
• February 25 - Friedrich Maximilian Klinger, German writer (b. 1752)
• April 5 - Dmitry Senyavin, Russian admiral (b. 1763)
• April 20 - John Abernethy (surgeon) (b. 1764)
• April 27 - Charles Felix of Savoy, King of Sardinia (b. 1765)
• June 27 - Sophie Germain, French mathematician (b. 1776)
• July 4 - James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (b. 1758)
• July 16 - Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron, Russian general (b. 1763)
• August 24 - August von Gneisenau, Prussian field marshal (b. 1760)
• November 11 - Nat Turner, American slave rebel (b. 1800)
• November 14 - Georg Hegel, German philosopher (b. 1770)
• November 16 - Carl von Clausewitz, German military strategist (b. 1780)

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