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1346
OverviewThe year 1346 (see full calendar) was a Julian calendar year in the 14th century, in the midst of a period known in European history as the Late Middle Ages. In Asia that year, the Black Plague came to the troops of the Golden Horde Khanate, a disease which also affected the Genoese Europeans they were attacking and which would spread to the rest of Europe. In Central and East Asia, there were a series of revolts after Kazan Khan was killed in an uprising and the Chagtai Khanate began to splinter and fall; several revolts in China began what would eventually lead to the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty. The Indian kingdom of Vijayanagara won several victories over Muslim conquerors in the north in this year as well. In Eastern Europe, Dusan Silni was proclaimed Tsar of Serbia on April 16 (Easter). In the nearby Byzantine Empire, the Turkish Prince Orchan married Byzantine Princess Theodora in hopes of an alliance between Turks and Byzantines. Civil Wars remained widespread in both Bulgaria and Byzantium as they had for several years. Denmark sold its portion of Northern Estonia to the Teutonic Knights after finally quelling the St. George's Night Uprising. In Central Europe, Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected Holy Roman Emperor on July 11. A number of banking families in Italy, including the Bardi family, faced bankruptcy in this year, and much of Italy suffered a famine. The Hundred Years' War between France and England continued in Western Europe, as Edward III of England led an invasion onto the continent and won a number of victories. Timeline of events
AsiaWestern Asia
Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411) In the same year [1346], God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach , and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them.[3] The many areas and peoples listed here represent much of Western Asia and the Caucasus. The "European foreigners" are those fighting with the Tartars in the Mongol-led siege of Kaffa. These Europeans would return to Europe the following year, carrying the plague with them. Travellers returning from the Crimea also carried the plague to Byzantium and Arabia, according to Greek and Arab scholars of the time.[3] Another account of the events in the Crimea reads: It seemed to the besieged Christians as if arrows were shot out of the sky to strike and humble the pride of the infidels who rapidly died with marks on their bodies and lumps in their joints and several part, followed by putrid fever; all advice and help of the doctors being of no avail. Whereupon the Tartars, worn out by this pestilential disease, and falling on all sides as if thuderstruck, and seeing that they were perishing hopelessly, ordered the corpses to be placed upon their engines and thrown into the city of Kaffa. Accordingly were the bodies of the dead hurled over the walls, so that the Christians were not able to hide or protect themselves from this danger, although they carried away as many dead as possible and threw them into the sea. But soon the whole air became infected, and the water poisoned, and such a pestilence grew up that scarcely one out of a thousand was able to escape.[4] Modern scholars consider this one of the earliest, and most deadly, biological attacks in world history, though in the end the Mongols were forced to retreat.[5] Early sources state that the plague began its spread in the spring of 1346 at the River Don near the Black Sea, then spread throughout Russia, the Caucasus, and the Genovese provinces within the year.[6] Further south, in Georgia King George the Brilliant died and was succeeded by King David IX. King George V had managed to increase the Georgian realm to all of Transcaucasia. However, after his death the Kingdom began to decline, as the plague began ravaging the area soon after his death in this same year.[7] 
Ibn Battuta reached Beijing in 1346. Central and East AsiaCentral Asia was marked in 1346 by the continued disintegration of the Mongol's domains, as well as by Muslim expansion. Kazan Khan, emperor of the Chagatai Khanate, was killed by the forces of Qazaghan in this year, putting an end to the Chagtai Khanate's status as a unified empire. Qazghan was the leader of the group of Turkish nobles opposed to Mongol rule. Qazghan had been wounded by Kazan's forces earlier in the year, but rather than taking advantage of his opponent's weakness, Kazan retreated. Many of his troops abandoned him, opening the way to his demise.[8] To the east, Kashmir was conquered by Shah Mirza, the first Muslim to rule the area.[9][10] Kathmandu was also conquered in this year.[11] However, Muslim expansion did suffer some defeats in southern India. The Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagara in India conquered the Hoysalas and celebrated its "festival of victory", strengthening their status as a legitimate Hindu empire in opposition to Muslim rule in the north. The leader of the Delhi Sultanate in Northern India, Muhammud bin Tughluq, had a particular disdain not only for Hinduism, but for the Deccan culture of the south. Telugu chieftains gathered in opposition to the Sultan in this year and celebrated victory.[12][13] Further east, Ibn Battuta traveled from Southeast Asia to Khanbaliq (Beijing) in China. Although the Muslim leaders there extended him a warm welcome, they advised him to leave the city soon. A civil war had caused the Khan to flee the city, and riots were becoming more and more widespread.[14] Meanwhile, T'aigo Wangsa, a Korean Buddhist monk, traveled to China to receive training under the guidance of Buddhist leader Shih-wu. T'aigo would later found the T'aigo sect of Korean Buddhism.[15] EuropeEastern and Scandinavian
Turkish Prince Orchan married Byzantine Princess Theodora in 1346. The Balkan region, on April 16 (Easter), saw Dusan Silni proclaimed Tsar of the new Serbian Empire in Skopje, which now occupie much of the South-Eastern Europe.[2] Also in 1346, both Bulgaria and Byzantine (which at this time covered most of Greece) were in the middle of a series of civil wars. An independent Bulgarian ruler of the Rhodope and Aegean region by the name of Momchil[17] took an important role in the wars. He was among the first local rulers to realize the threat of the Ottomans. Momchil pled with both the Emperors of Bulgaria and Byzantium for help but received none, even though he continued the resistance against the Ottomans in the eastern part of the Rhodope mountains. The Aegean was subject to Turks who organized maritime raids directed at its islands.[18] Orchan, the Turkish prince of Bithynia was married to Theodora, Cantacuzene's daughter. The Greek clergy believed that the marriage of a Christian princess a prominent Muslim would bring the region more power. The Prince was already married to several other women, and the woman was permitted to keep her religion, but was to live the rest of her life an Islamic harem. Cantacuzene hoped that Orchan would become his ally in any future wars, but Orchan, like his fellow Turks, became his enemy in the Genoese war. As part of the alliance, the Ottoman prince was permitted to sell the Christians he had captured at Constantinople as slaves in the public market.[19][20] Elsewhere in the Empire, Apocaucus was killed by a crowd of his worst enemies whom he had gathered for imprisonment in one of the old palaces of Constantine. In particular, two of the Palaiologoi prisoners attacked and killed him, armed with sticks. They then set his head on a pole and turned their prison into a fortress. At the sight of his head, the local populace grew incensed and besieged the old palace, killing the prisoners.[21] Central
Charles IV, elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1346 Charles IV was at this time in a very weak position in Germany. Owing to the terms of his election, he was derisively referred to by some as a "priest's king" (Pfaffenkönig). Many bishops and nearly all of the Imperial cities remained loyal to Louis the Bavarian. Worse yet, Charles backed the wrong side in the Hundred Years' War, losing his father and many of his best knights at the Battle of Crécy in August 1346, with Charles himself escaping wounded from the field. Meanwhile in Italy a number of banks in Florence collapsed due to internal problems in Florence, contributed by King Edward III of England defaulting on some of his loans. Most notably, the Bardi family went bankrupt in this year.[22][23][24] Italy also suffered a famine, making it difficult for the Papacy to recruit troops for the attack on Smyrna.[25][24] The Venetians, however, organized an alliance uniting several European parties (Sancta Unio), composed notably of the Knights Templar, which carried out five consecutive attacks on ?zmir and the Western Anatolian coastline controlled by Turkish states.[26] In the realm of technology, firearms made their way to Northern Germany in this year in the city of Aachen,[27][28] and papermaking reached Holland.[29] Western Europe
Battle of Crecy, 1346 The French King Phillippe destroyed several bridges to prevent Edward's advance, but the English took the town of Poissy in August and repaired its bridge in order to advance. The French King mounted a defence near the forest at Crécy, which ended in another English victory. Edward then proceeded to Calais, laying siege to the city beginning September 4. Meanwhile, Jean de France, King Phillippe's son, besieged the city of Aigullon, but with no success. King Phillippe also urge the Scots to continue the fight against England to the north. The Scots, believing that the English were preoccupied with Calais, marched into England toward Durham in October, but were met and defeated by an English force of knights and clergymen, and King David of Scotland was captured. The Irish also gathered a brief resistance, but were similarly defeated. Before the end of the year, Edward also captured Poiters and the towns surrounding Tonnay-Charente.[30][31] For his role in the Battle of Crécy, Edward the Black Prince honoured the bravery of John I, Count of Luxemburg and King of Bohemia (also known as John the Blind). John was killed in the fighting, by adopting his arms and motto: "Ich Dien" or "I Serve". John's decades of fighting had already made his name widely known throughout Europe, and his death became the legendary subject of several writings, including this passage by Froissart:[32] ...for all that he [John I] was nigh blind, when he understood the order of the battle, he said to them about him: ... 'Sirs, ye are my men, my companions and friends in this journey: I require you bring me so far forward, that I may strike one stroke with my sword.' ... they tied all their reins of their bridles each to other and set the king before to accomplish his desire, and so they went on their enemies ... The king ... was so far forward that he strake a stroke with his sword, yea and more than four, and fought valiantly and so did his company; and they adventured themselves so forward, that they were there all slain, and the next day they were found in the place about the king, and all their horses tied each to other. Births
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Referencesaf:1346 am:1346 ?.?.?. ar:1346 an:1346 ast:1346 az:1346 bn:???? map-bms:1346 be:1346 be-x-old:1346 bh:???? bs:1346 br:1346 bg:1346 ca:1346 cv:1346 cs:1346 co:1346 cy:1346 da:1346 de:1346 et:1346 el:1346 es:1346 eo:1346 eu:1346 fr:1346 fy:1346 gd:1346 gl:1346 ko:1346? hy:1346 hi:1346 hr:1346. io:1346 bpy:???? ???? id:1346 os:1346 is:1346 it:1346 he:1346 jv:1346 ka:1346 sw:1346 ht:1346 (almanak jilyen) la:1346 lb:1346 lt:XIV am?iaus 5-as de?imtmetis hu:1346 mk:1346 mi:1346 mr:?.?. ???? ms:1346 nah:1346 nl:1346 new:???? ja:1346? nap:1346 no:1346 nn:1346 nrm:1346 oc:1346 uz:1346 pi:???? nds:1346 pl:1346 pt:1346 ksh:Joohr 1346 ro:1346 ru:1346 ??? sa:???? sq:1346 scn:1346 sk:1346 sl:1346 sr:1346 su:1346 fi:1346 sv:1346 tl:1346 tt:1346 th:?.?. 1889 tr:1346 uk:1346 vec:1346 vo:1346 vls:1346 zh-yue:1346? zea:1346 zh:1346? Source: Wikipedia | The above article is available under the GNU FDL. | Edit this article
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